Drawing on archival materials and personal testimonies, I reconstruct the conditions under which Bourdieu came to receive the Gold Medal of the National Center for Scientific Research, France’s highest science prize, in 1993 as a signal case study of the existential predicament and institutional trappings of scholarly consecration. Bourdieu’s award speech and the ceremony at which he read it present a triple interest for the history and sociology of sociology. They illustrate how a shaping figure in the discipline personally experienced, reflexively viewed, and practically navigated the nexus of science, authority, and power. They mark 1993 as a pivot-year in Bourdieu’s intellectual evolution, leading to a new agenda foregrounding the state as paramount symbolic power, the alchemy of group formation, and the unfinished promise of democratic politics; and they help explain why he ventured more forthrightly into civic debate in the 1990s. Bourdieu’s ambivalent acceptance of the prize also illustrates his conception of the ‘Realpolitik of reason’ and put an emphatic end to the eclipse of Durkheim by restoring sociology to its rightful place at the scientific zenith in the country of its birth.
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A reversible physiological process provides for the temporal separation of oxygen evolution and hydrogen production in a microorganism, which includes the steps of growing a culture of the microorganism in medium under illuminated conditions to accumulate an endogenous substrate, depleting from the medium a nutrient selected from the group consisting of sulfur, iron, and/or manganese, sealing the culture from atmospheric oxygen, incubating the culture in light whereby a rate of light-induced oxygen production is equal to or less than a rate of respiration, and collecting an evolved gas. The process is particularly useful to accomplish a sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production in cultures of microorganisms, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
With no agreement yet reached between Greece and its creditors, there are doubts over whether the country will be able to make a scheduled debt repayment to the International Monetary Fund in early June. In an interview with EUROPP’s editor Stuart Brown, Barry Eichengreen discusses whether a compromise is still possible, what a default would mean for the country, and how well Europe is prepared for a potential Greek exit from the euro.
The configurational theory of organizations was used to analyze the relationships among organization environment, structure, and performance in proprietary nursing homes. This theory extends previous contingency theory research and conceptualization by including performance as the main focus behind organization design activities. Thirty proprietary nursing homes in the state of Washington responded to comprehensive interviews and survey questionnaires designed to measure variables specified in the configurational theory. The results of this study suggest partial support for the configurational theory; most notably in explaining differences in efficiency among nursing homes operating in low intensity environments.
We report a new system for the silylation of aryl C-H bonds. The combination of [Ir(cod)(OMe)] 2 and 2,9-Me 2 -phenanthroline (2,9-Me 2 phen) catalyzes the silylation of arenes at lower temperatures and with faster rates than those reported previously, when the hydrogen byproduct is removed, and with high functional group tolerance and regioselectivity. Inhibition of reactions by the H 2 byproduct is shown to limit the silylation of aryl C-H bonds in the presence of the most active catalysts, thereby masking their high activity. Analysis of initial rates uncovered the high reactivity of the catalyst containing the sterically hindered 2,9-Me 2 phen ligand but accompanying rapid inhibition by hydrogen. With this catalyst, under a flow of nitrogen to remove hydrogen, electron-rich arenes, including those containing sensitive functional groups, undergo silylation in high yield for the first time, and arenes that underwent silylation with prior catalysts react over much shorter times with lower catalyst loadings. The synthetic value of this methodology is demonstrated by the preparation of key intermediates in the synthesis of medicinally important compounds in concise sequences comprising silylation and functionalization. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the cleavage of the aryl C-H bond is reversible and that the higher rates observed with the 2,9-Me 2 phen ligand is due to a more thermodynamically favorable oxidative addition of aryl C-H bonds.
Photosynthesis is a light-driven process that sustains virtually all life on earth. However, light energy in excess of what is required for the saturation of photosynthesis causes photo-oxidative damage to the D1/32 kD (psbA gene product) reaction center protein of photosystem II. If not corrected, such photodamage could cause inhibition of photosynthesis and plant growth. Through evolution, organisms of oxygenic photosynthesis devised a unique repair mechanism by which to recover from this frequently occurring photo-oxidative damage. The repair process entails selective degradation and replacement of the photodamaged D1 reaction center protein in the thylakoid membrane of photosynthesis. In this chapter, up-to-date information about the photosystem II (PSII) damage and repair cycle in the model unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina Teod. [Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Chlorophyta; Chlorophyceae; Chlamydomonadales; Dunaliellaceae; Dunaliella] is presented. The chapter first examines the physiology of cellular and chloroplast acclimation to irradiance. Examples of environmental and biotic factors that modulate the PSII photodamage are also provided. Lastly, the temporal sequence of events and current knowledge on the molecular mechanism of the PSII repair process are summarized in detail. Emphasis is placed on the role of the ELIP/Cbr protein and of the carotenoid zeaxanthin during D1 turnover and PSII repair. This chapter also examines the role of the chloroplast-localized heat-shock protein 70B (HSP70B) in facilitating the disassembly of photodamaged PSII and insertion of a de novo synthesized D1 protein in the PSII reaction center complex.
