Publications

We present observations of the Type I Supernovae (SNe) 1999M, 1999N, 1999Q, 1999S, and 1999U, at redshiftz z ≈ 0.5. They were discovered in early 1999 with the 4.0 m Blanco telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory by the High-z Supernova Sea

Photographic film has commonly been exposed by a single-photon absorption mechanism. We determine the conditions for film exposure by direct two-photon absorption. Using subpicosecond laser pulses, we find that two-photon exposure for commercial film has a threshold fluence and an intensity of 0.0008 J/cm2 and 0.0066 TW/cm2, respectively, well below the optical damage threshold. Multiphoton photography has the potential for higher spatial resolution and affords an opportunity for three-dimensional image storage.

In this article, selected findings are presented from a study of the experiences of 71 African American women who have become the sole caregivers for at least one grandchild or great-grandchild as a result of the involvement of the parent in use of crack cocaine. Despite the unique circumstances of each situation, three patterns of the assumption of caregiving emerged from analysis of the intensive interviews and participant observation: sudden assumption, negotiated assumption, and inevitable assumption of the permanent caregiver role. Each pattern is described along six dimensions: forewarning, initiation, the trigger event, the caregiver's goal, her assumed trajectory of the caregiving period, and her perceived influence on her own destiny. These accounts provide important information for those who work with women, children, and families, as well as unique insight into the consequences of the crack cocaine epidemic.

Recent research indicates that the cultural competence training students receive during medical school might not adequately address the issues that arise when caring for patients of different cultures. Because of their unique communication, linguistic, and cultural issues, incorporating deaf people who use sign language into cultural competence education at medical schools might help to bridge this gap in cross-cultural education. The Deaf Strong Hospital (DSH) program at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, started in 1998, exposes first-year medical students to the issues that are relevant to providing effective patient care and to establishing multicultural sensitivity early in their medical education. Because medical students better acquire cross-cultural competence through hands-on experience rather than through lectures, the DSH program, which includes a role-reversal exercise in which medical students play the role of the patients, provides such a model for other medical schools and health care training centers to use in teaching future health care providers how to address the relevant cultural, linguistic, and communication needs of both their deaf patients and their non-English-speaking patients. This article describes the DSH program curriculum, shares findings from both medical students' short-term and long-term postprogram evaluations, and provides a framework for the implementation of a broader cultural and linguistic sensitivity training program specific to working with and improving the quality of health care among deaf people.

Reaction of (Me3P)3RhCl with (THF)3LiSi(SiMe3)3 in the presence of 2-butyne or diphenylacetylene generates (Me3P)2(Me3Si)RhSiMe2C(R)C(R)SiMe(SiMe3) (1, R = Me; 2, R = Ph). These complexes undergo a fluxional process which exchanges the SiMe3 groups, apparently by Si−Si bond reductive elimination/oxidative addition.

Nanoribbons and nanowires having diameters less than the wavelength of light are used in the formation and operation of optical circuits and devices. Such nanostructures function as subwavelength optical waveguides which form a fundamental building block for optical integration. The extraordinary length, flexibility and strength of these structures enable their manipulation on surfaces, including the precise positioning and optical linking of nanoribbon/wire waveguides and other nanoribbon/wire elements to form optical networks and devices. In addition, such structures provide for waveguiding in liquids, enabling them to further be used in other applications such as optical probes and sensors.

Once upon a time, not very long ago, students of biology with burning questions about the nature of life used to spend long hours in dusty library stacks searching for knowledge and opinions recorded by their academic ancestors onto random access information retrieval devices made of matted cellulose fibers. Although these books, as they were called, can still be found in antique stores and some university libraries, their use has declined dramatically since the release of the first user-friendly free World Wide Web (WWW) browser in November of 1993. Publishers were quick to spot the trend and several journals, notably the massive Journal of Biological Chemistry (http: // www-jbc.stanford.edu/), are now available on-line and several others, such as Plant Physiology, are partially available on-line (for a list of electronic journals, see http:// www.nih.gov/science/journals/). It now seems likely that most academic journals will be available via the WWW before the turn of the century, and it seems certain that an ever-increasing number will only be available via the WWW as users and libraries come to grips with using the electronic format. Although most academics have been selected on the basis of a fondness for paper, an expanding coterie have recognized that there are many advantages to the electronic versions. For instance, it is possible to do a full text keyword search of articles in Journal of Biological Chemistry. It is also possible to do forward literature searches. That is, if you are reading an article from a 1995 issue that is cited in a 1996 paper, the 1995 article is annotated with a hypertext link (a highlighted word or phrase that activates a retrieve command when clicked with a mouse) that allows you to move forward to the citing article with the click of a mouse button. Another nice feature is that there need be no limitation on the number of color pictures or film clips associated with an article. role of video in cell biology research is expanding rapidly and there is every reason to expect that it will soon be routinely included in electronic research publications. It is also possible to append commentaries to articles at any time after they appear. In the physics journals, where electronic publishing has been routine for many years, the value of an article is established by the number of annotations by readers who can append their comments to an article. Finally, of course, it is possible to connect the journal articles directly to databases via hypertext links so that one can move from the authors' conclusions back to the original data. kinds of information available in databases or in some other format via the WWW are expanding daily. Indeed, the main problem with the WWW at the moment is that there is so much information available that it is possible to spend many consecutive days busily hopping from one site to another, finding something interesting at each stop but never arriving at the desired source. Thus, in this short overview we have focused on some of the resources that are available without expense and are likely to be of most value to the readers of Plant Physiology. In addition, monthly descriptions of new WWW resources of interest to biologists can be found in The Spider's Web, a regular column in Current Biology.

Research Objective. To assess the extent to which the organizational culture of physician group practices is associated with individual physician satisfaction with the managerial and organizational capabilities of the groups. Study Design and Methods. Physician surveys from 1997 to 1998 assessing the culture of their medical groups and their satisfaction with six aspects of group practice. Organizational culture was conceptualized using the Competing Values framework, yielding four distinct cultural types. Physician‐level data were aggregated to the group level to attain measures of organizational culture. Using hierarchical linear modeling, individual physician satisfaction with six dimensions of group practice was predicted using physician‐level variables and group‐level variables. Separate models for each of the four cultural types were estimated for each of the six satisfaction measures, yielding a total of 24 models. Sample Studied. Fifty‐two medical groups affiliated with 12 integrated health systems from across the U.S., involving 1,593 physician respondents (38.3 percent response rate). Larger medical groups and multispecialty groups were over‐represented compared with the U.S. as a whole. Principal Findings. Our models explain up to 31 percent of the variance in individual physician satisfaction with group practice, with individual organizational culture scales explaining up to 5 percent of the variance. Group‐level predictors: group (i.e., participatory) culture was positively associated with satisfaction with staff and human resources, technological sophistication, and price competition. Hierarchical (i.e., bureaucratic) culture was negatively associated with satisfaction with managerial decision making, practice level competitiveness, price competition, and financial capabilities. Rational (i.e., task‐oriented) culture was negatively associated with satisfaction with staff and human resources, and price competition. Developmental (i.e., risk‐taking) culture was not significantly associated with any of the satisfaction measures. In some of the models, being a single‐specialty group (compared with a primary care group) and a group having a higher percent of male physicians were positively associated with satisfaction with financial capabilities. Physician‐level predictors: individual physicians' ratings of organizational culture were significantly related to many of the satisfaction measures. In general, older physicians were more satisfied than younger physicians with many of the satisfaction measures. Male physicians were less satisfied with data capabilities. Primary care physicians (versus specialists) were less satisfied with price competition. Conclusion. Some dimensions of physician organizational culture are significantly associated with various aspects of individual physician satisfaction with group practice.

We introduce a promising new approach to rigid body dynamic simulation called impulse-based simulation. The method is well suited to modeling physical systems with large numbers of collisions, or with contact modes that change frequently. All types of contact (colliding, rolling, sliding, and resting) are modeled through a series of collision impulses between the objects in contact, hence the method is simpler and faster than constraint-based simulation. We have implemented an impulse-based simulator that can currently achieve interactive simulation times, and real time simulation seems within reach. In addition, the simulator has produced physically accurate results in several qualitative and quantitative experiments. After giving an overview of impulse-based dynamic simulation, we discuss collision detection and collision response in this context, and present results from several experiments.