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Abstract Based on the stationary co‐content theorem in non‐linear circuit theory and the penalty function approach in non‐linear programming theory, a canonical circuit for simulating general non‐linear programming problems with equality and/or inequality constraints has been developed. the task of solving a non‐linear optimization problem with constraints reduces to that of finding the solution of the associated canonical circuit using a circuit simulation program, such as SPICE. A catalogue of canonical circuits is given for each class of non‐linear programming problem. Using this catalogue, an engineer can solve non‐linear optimization problems by a cook‐book approach without learning any theory on non‐linear programming. Several examples are given which demonstrate how SPICE can be used, without modification, for solving linear programming problems, quadratic programming problems, and polynomial programming problems.
Several plausible mechanisms for the potential-dependent adsorption of bisulfate, sulfate, and oxygen on polycrystalline gold in H 2 SO 4 (0.5 M) were evaluated, based on their fit to the experimental potentio dynamic polarization data using the anion-catalyzed active dissolution model (dc portion). The mechanism giving the best preliminary fit was further analyzed by modelling the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data collected at various dc potentials in the electric double-layer and pre-oxide formation regions. Electrochemical quartz-crystal microgravimetry and optical ellipsometry provided additional evidence verifying the electrochemical adsorption of solution species on the gold surface. Surprisingly, dissolution was observed throughout the whole potential range under study, despite the electrode surfaces developing significant oxygen surface coverages. Key features of the experimental fractional surface coverages and current density were reproduced by the anion-catalyzed active dissolution model.
Spatial subsidies, or inputs of resources from more productive donor habitats, can cause numerical responses in consumer populations via behavioral and demographic mechanisms. In addition, subsidies may have indirect effects on the in situ prey of these consumers. These indirect effects can be either negative (e.g., apparent competition) or positive (e.g., via diet shifts) depending on the relative strength of the predator's functional and numerical responses to prey subsidies. Here we report a numerical response by a lizard (Western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis) to experimental reductions in the flux of river-derived insects. Initially, equal densities of lizards declined significantly faster in plots in which aquatic insect abundance was reduced by nearly 50% (season average) relative to controls. Abundance and biomass of terrestrial arthropods declined significantly between the start and end of the experiment across treatments. Despite consistently lower lizard abundance in plots with reduced subsidy levels, however, relative declines in the abundance and biomass of in situ terrestrial arthropods (all taxa combined) were not significantly different between reduced- and ambient-subsidy plots. Relative declines in spider biomass differed significantly between treatments and were higher in reduced-subsidy than ambient-subsidy plots, but only over one of three 3-wk sampling intervals. Thus, over the biologically active summer season, aquatic subsidies exerted brief positive or no significant indirect effects on the in situ prey of riparian lizards. These results suggest that, although aquatic insect prey may determine the spatial distribution and local abundance of riparian predators, the effects of increased predator density on in situ prey may be offset by higher per capita predation by these consumers on in situ prey in subsidy-poor relative to subsidy-rich habitats.
Digital technology has the key advantage that if a few building blocks are implemented then any complex system can be built from these by
We present updated estimates of central bank transparency for 100 countries up through 2006 and use them to analyze both the determinants and consequences of monetary policy transparency in an integrated econometric framework. We establish that there has been significant movement in the direction of greater central bank transparency in recent years. Transparent monetary policy arrangements are more likely to be found in countries with strong and stable political institutions. They are more likely to be found in democracies, with their culture of transparency. Using these political determinants as instruments for transparency, we show that more transparency in monetary policy operating procedures is associated with less inflation variability, though not also with less inflation persistence.
A unified theory on the principles and characterizations of electronic relays is presented. A basic realization scheme is shown to consist of a cascade connection of an isolation box, an analog-to-binary converter, and an electronic switch. A total of eight canonic realizations are given for synthesizing each of the four types of electronic relays. In conclusion the design of two complete practical electronic relays is presented and the actual performance is verified through experimental measurements.
Abstract We describe a new sample of Seyfert nuclei discovered during the course of an optical spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxies. The majority of the objects, many recognized as AGNs for the first time, have luminosities much lower than those of classical Seyferts and populate the faint end of the AGN luminosity function. A significant fraction of the nuclei emit broad H α emission qualitatively similar to the broad lines seen in classical Seyfert 1 nuclei and QSOs.
No abstract is provided for this article.
