An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Abstract Monitoring fluid movement is important for selecting infill locations and completion intervals and optimizing production operations in reservoirs producing under waterflood and gravity drainage mechanisms. Estimation of the fluid contacts in the interwell regions can be difficult due to complex interactions between fluid movement and reservoir heterogeneities. Previously, we developed a systematic geostatistical fluid mapping methodology that integrates multiple sources of data and accounts for the spatial correlation and uncertainty due to the sparcity of the data.1 We found that this methodology is more efficient and accurate than the conventional mapping approach. This paper describes several enhancements incorporated into the geostatistical methodology and evaluates their advantages. The major sources of data used in the geostatistical methodology are the surveillance and shale databases. The surveillance data provide the locations of fluids (oil, gas and water) intervals at the wells based on logs. The shale data provide the locations of shales intervals at the wells based on cores and logs. The first step in the methodology is to transform the surveillance and shale data into indicators. Then, the methodology uses indicator variograms to evaluate the spatial correlation of the data. The last step generates multiple equi-probable three-dimensional fluid and shale descriptions using a conditional simulation technique that honors the well data and variograms. The enhancements introduced into the geostatistical methodology account for more information about the data and quantify the quality of the surveillance data. The stratigraphic coordinates and vertical proportion curves account for variations in the reservoir structure and major trends in the data, respectively. The indicator variables for fluid movement at different times and shales in different zones account for the different correlations. The quality variables account for the degree of confidence engineers assign to the log interpretations. Cross-validation of the enhanced methodology consisted of the.estimation of fluid column thicknesses at infill locations and visualization of three-dimensional distributions of oil and gas in a gravity drainage area of Prudhoe Bay. The results of the methodology are in excellent agreement with actual data.
Because water is generally free to move across the plant-soil, soil-atmosphere, and plant-atmosphere interfaces it is necessary and desirable to view the water transfer system in the three domains of soil, plant, and atmosphere as a whole. . . it must be pointed out that, as well as serving as a vehicle for water transfer, the SPAC is also a region of energy transfer.John R. Philip (1966)
We report on the development and exploitation of a new type of chemically amplified resist for 193 nm microlithography. The approach has great versatility as it involves a general structure amenable to radical cyclopolymerization that contains easily interchanged ester functionalities. As the mechanism of polymerization involves free radicals, changes may be made either in the polymerization conditions or in the monomer feed to adjust variables such molecular weight or etch resistance. The latter property is favorably influenced by the formation of new ring structures during polymerization. Variations in the nature of the ester moieties contained in the monomer area easily accomplished to modify the imaging characteristics, surface properties, or etch resistance of the polymers. We report the preparation of a number of novel polymer and copolymer structures and their preliminary testing as resist candidates for 193 nm lithography.
