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Various equations which have been proposed to provide the 'best' functional form for the dependence of rate upon pressure for reactions in solution have been tested for the extraction of ΔV ≠ and dΔV ≠ /dp for the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride at 30 °C and at pressures over the range 1 to 6895 bar. One hundred individual rate constants were determined for this reaction at pressure increments of 345 bar and provide a sufficiently large body of data to permit application of statistical methods for testing the various rate–pressure functions with little risk of bias.
In this paper, we demonstrate that some hyperchaotic circuits can be synchronized by using only one state variable. We applied three kinds of synchronization schemes, a continuous synchronization, an impulsive synchronization, and a selective synchronization to these hyperchaotic circuits. Their performance is examined from the viewpoint of synchronization stability and convergence time.
Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in a progressive loss of functional skeletal muscle mass (MM) and replacement with fibrofatty tissue. Accurate evaluation of MM in DMD patients has not previously been available. Our objective was to measure MM using the D 3 creatine (D 3 Cr) dilution method and determine its relationship with strength and functional capacity in patients with DMD over a wide range of ages. Subjects were recruited for participation in a 12 month, longitudinal, observational study. Here, we report the baseline data. A 20 mg dose of D 3 Cr dissolved in water was ingested by 92 patients with DMD (ages 4–25 years) followed later with a fasting urine sample. Enrichment of D 3 creatinine was determined by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis. The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score was determined for ambulatory participants, and the Performance of Upper Limb (PUL 2.0) total score and grip strength for all participants. We observed a significant age‐associated increase in body weight along with a substantial decrease in MM/body weight (%MM). MM and %MM were associated with PUL score ( r = 0.517, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.764, P < 0.0001 respectively). The age‐associated decrease in MM and %MM was strongly associated with ambulatory status. We observed very little overlap in %MM between ambulant and non‐ambulant subjects, suggesting a threshold of 18–22% associated with loss of ambulation. MM is substantially diminished with advancing age and is highly related to clinically meaningful functional status. The D 3 Cr dilution method may provide a biomarker of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy in patients with DMD or other neuromuscular disorders. image Key points The non‐invasive D 3 creatine dilution method provides novel data on whole body functional muscle mass (MM) in a wide range of ages in patients with DMD and reveals profoundly low functional MM in older non‐ambulant patients. The difference in %MM between ambulant and non‐ambulant subjects suggests a threshold for loss of ambulatory ability between 18 and 22% MM. The data suggest that as functional MM declines with age, maintaining a lower body weight may help to conserve ambulatory ability.
The disclosure provides for novel metal-triazolate frameworks, methods of use thereof, and devices comprising the frameworks thereof.
The preparation of large cylindrical macroporous polymer monoliths with internal diameters of up to 50 mm has been studied for the first time for both styrenic and methacrylic monomer systems. The temperature profiles at different locations within the mold have been recorded during these polymerizations, and the occurrence of exotherms and temperature gradients was related to the creation of inhomogeneities in the pore structure. Several techniques, such as decreasing the rate of polymerization and a slow gradual addition of the polymerization mixture to the reaction vessel, were investigated in order to minimize the extent of the reaction exotherm. The latter approach proved especially powerful, as the absence of exotherm allowed the preparation of monoliths with homogeneous pore structures inaccessible by other methods for both monomer systems.
Habitat use and food web linkages are critical data for fish conservation and habitat restoration efforts, particularly for threatened salmonids species. Otolith microchemistry has been shown to be a powerful tool for reconstructing fish movement, but over small distances (kilometers), geology-derived differences in otolith chemistry are rare. Here, we demonstrate that otolith {sup 13}C/{sup 12}C ratio (i.e. {delta}{sup 13}C) of anadromous steelhead trout can be used to distinguish residence in small streams from residence in larger streams and rivers. While previous research has shown that water dissolved inorganic carbon {delta}{sup 13}C is the primary source of carbon in otoliths, the downstream change in food {delta}{sup 13}C in this watershed appears to be the primary control on otolith {delta}{sup 13}C. As a result, this method can also be applied to the problem of reconstructing feeding history at a location.
