Abstract The basic constitutive structure for plastic evolution, involving the notions of energy dissipation, yield and plastic flow, are discussed in detail, and the primary role of the Eshelby tensor as the driving force for dissipation is emphasized. Extensions to encompass discontinuous deformation gradients are included. The essential differences in the response of crystalline and isotropic materials are explained.
Background: Few studies have prospectively examined the relationships of sleep with symptoms and functioning in bipolar disorder. Methods: The present study examined concurrent and prospective associations between total sleep time (TST) and sleep variability (SV) with symptom severity and functioning in a cohort of DSM-IV bipolar patients (N = 468) participating in the National Institute of Mental Health Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), all of whom were recovered at study entry. Results: Concurrent associations at study entry indicated that shorter TST was associated with increased mania severity, and greater SV was associated with increased mania and depression severity. Mixed-effects regression modeling was used to examine prospective associations in the 196 patients for whom follow-up data were available. Consistent with findings at study entry, shorter TST was associated with increased mania severity, and greater SV was associated with increased mania and depression severity over 12 months. Discussion: These findings highlight the importance of disrupted sleep patterns in the course of bipolar illness. (Reprinted with permission from Journal of Affective Disorders 2011; 134:416–429)
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTAnalytical Methods for Imaging Metals in Biology: From Transition Metal Metabolism to Transition Metal SignalingCheri M. Ackerman†, Sumin Lee†, and Christopher J. Chang*†‡§∥View Author Information† Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States‡ Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States§ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States∥ Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 1, 22–41Publication Date (Web):December 15, 2016Publication History Published online15 December 2016Published inissue 3 January 2017https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04631Copyright © 2016 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceArticle Views7810Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Copper,Fluorescence,Iron,Metals,Probes Get e-Alerts
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An efficient algorithm and a data structure for computing and representing the aspect graph of polyhedral objects under orthographic projection are presented. The aspect graph is an approach to representing 3-D objects by a set of 2-D views, for the purpose of object recognition. In this approach the viewpoint space is partitioned into regions such that in each region the qualitative structure of the line drawing does not change. The viewing data of an object is the partition of the viewpoint space together with a representative view in each region. The algorithm computes the viewing data for line drawings of polyhedral objects under orthographic projection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are an emerging class of advanced structural alloys under extensive research; yet, the properties of the liquid states of these materials, which are relevant to their processing, have been far less explored. In this work, we utilize ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the melt properties of a representative HEA—the Cantor alloy—and its derivatives: CrMnFeCoNi, CrFeCoNi, and CrCoNi. The atomic dynamics of these melts at various temperatures are investigated, specifically to analyze their electronic and atomic structures, including charge transfer, pair distribution functions, and short-range order. Results are compared with existing information for the liquids of metallic glasses, which also typically contain multiple principal elements, but retain the amorphous state under moderate to fast cooling rates. The present results provide insights into the structural and bonding factors favoring solidification to single-phase solid solutions in HEAs.
A daily occurrence in the life of a plant is the function of a photosystem II (PSII) damage and repair cycle in chloroplasts. This unique phenomenon involves the frequent turnover of D1, the 32-kDa reaction-center protein of PSII (chloroplast psbA gene product). In the model organism Dunaliella salina (a green alga), growth under low light (100 mol of photons per m2 per sec) entails damage, degradation, and replacement of D1 every 7 hr. Growth under irradiance stress (2200 micromol of photons per m2 per sec) entails damage to D1 every 20 min. The rate of de novo D1 biosynthesis under conditions of both low light and irradiance stress was found to be fairly constant on a per chloroplast or cell basis. The response of D. salina to the enhanced rate of damage entails an accumulation of photodamaged centers (80% of all PSII) and the formation of thylakoid membranes containing a smaller quantity of photosystem I (PSI) centers (about 10% of that in cells grown under low light). These changes contribute to a shift in the PSII/PSI ratio from 1.4:1 under low-light conditions to 15:1 under irradiance stress. The accumulation of photodamaged PSII under irradiance stress reflects a chloroplast inability to match the rate of D1 degradation or turnover with the rate of damage for individual PSII complexes. The altered thylakoid membrane organization ensures that a small fraction of PSII centers remains functional under irradiance stress and sustains electron flow from H2O to ferredoxin with rates sufficient for chloroplast photosynthesis and cell growth.
This paper contemplates ambitious reforms of the international financial architecture. It proposes routinising the expansion of IMF quotas and the conduct of exchange rate surveillance. It contemplates an expanded role for the SDR in international transactions, which would require someone — like the IMF — to act as market maker. It considers proposals for reimposing Glass–Steagall-like restrictions on commercial and investment banking, something that will have to be coordinated internationally to be feasible. All this of course presupposes meaningful IMF governance reform so that the institution has the legitimacy and efficiency to assume these additional responsibilities.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
The problem of plastic spin is phrased in terms of a notion of mechanical equivalence among local intermediate configurations of an elastic/ plastic crystalline solid. This idea is used to show that, without further qualification, the plastic spin may be suppressed at the constitutive level. However, the spin is closely tied to an underlying undistorted crystal lattice which, once specified, eliminates the freedom afforded by mechanical equivalence. As a practical matter a constitutive specification of plastic spin is therefore required. Suppression of plastic spin thus emerges as merely one such specification among many. Restrictions on these are derived in the case of rate-independent response.
