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A solar cell, by definition absorbing, must also be emissive. Counter-intuitively, then, emission should be maximized. This was the viewpoint driving the recent single-junction efficiency record, and underpins the approach to more general Shockley-Queisser limits.
We review the existing set of optical/UV/IR observations of Supernova 1993J, concentrating heavily on optical data because these are by far the most plentiful. Some results from theoretical modeling of the observations are also discussed. SN 1993J has provided the best observational evidence for the transformation of a SN from one spectral type to another, thereby providing a link between Type II and Type Ib supernovae (SNe). This has strengthened the argument that SNe Ib (and, by extension, SNe Ic) are core-collapse events. SN 1993J has remained relatively bright for 10 years; its late-time emission comes from the collision of supernova ejecta with circumstellar gas that was released by the progenitor prior to the explosion. The circumstellar material shows strong evidence of CNO processing.
This document defines a framework for specifying services provided by network elements, and available to applications, in an internetwork which offers multiple qualities of service. The document first provides some necessary context -- including relevant definitions and suggested data formats -- and then specifies a which service specification documents should follow. The specification template includes per-element requirements such as the service's packet handling behavior, parameters required and made available by the service, traffic specification and policing requirements, and traffic ordering relationships. It also includes evaluation criteria for elements providing the service, and examples of how the service might be implemented (by network elements) and used (by applications).
Accurate understanding of changes in muscle mass is useful for monitoring the effectiveness of interventions in healthy adults and children, ranging from wellness and lifestyle changes to the efficacy of medical therapies. The total‐body creatine pool size reflects muscle mass as >95% of creatine is present in muscle, and can be assessed directly in vivo by an isotope dilution method. D 3 ‐creatine (D 3 ‐Cr) is administered by mouth and the steady‐state enrichment of D 3 ‐creatinine is measured in urine (creatinine is converted from muscle creatine by a non‐enzymatic step and is excreted in urine in large quantities). Isotope dilution methods have few assumptions but do require knowledge of the amount of tracer delivered to the pool of interest. The objectives of this study were to determine muscle mass in healthy human subjects across different age‐groups of men and women using the D 3 ‐Cr test, and to compare to assessments of fat free mass (FFM). In addition, we have observed that a subset of human subjects directly spill some of the administered D 3 ‐Cr in urine; accordingly, a second objective of this study was to develop a method to correct for spillage of administered D 3 ‐Cr. Subjects (19 males, 23–81 years old; 20 females, 20–77 years old) ingested a single, oral dose of 60 mg D 3 ‐Cr and urine samples were collected prior to and for 4 days following the dose. Urine samples were used for measuring D 3 ‐Cr, total creatine, D 3 ‐creatinine (D 3 ‐Crn) and total creatinine (Crn). Isotopic enrichments of D 3 ‐Crn were measured in fasting morning urine samples by LC/MS and expressed as mole percent excess (MPE). D 3 ‐Crn MPE and the ratio of Cr/Crn were used to calculate creatine pool size and muscle mass. 24‐hour urine collections over 3 days after the oral dose of D 3 ‐Cr were also performed to determine D 3 ‐Cr spillage in the urine. Total body water, extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid (ICW), fat mass and fat‐free mass (FFM) were also assessed by bioimpedence spectroscopy with an Impedimed SFB7 device. Spillage of D 3 ‐Cr in the urine was observed in a subset of predominantly female subjects. An algorithm was developed for the estimation of spillage based on the relationship between the fasting Cr/Crn ratio and the cumulative proportion of D 3 ‐Cr dose excreted over 3 days from 24‐hr urine collections. There were significant correlations between muscle mass measured by D 3 ‐Cr dilution method versus ICW, with spillage corrected either by the algorithm (r=0.9130, p<0.0001) or measured 3 day D 3 ‐Cr losses (r 2 =0.9173, p <0.0001) or with FFM (r=0.8959 and 0.9022, respectively, p<0.0001). Muscle mass measured by D 3 ‐Crn enrichment also correlated (r=0.8568, p < 0.0001, algorithm corrected) with that measured by 24‐hour creatinine excretion. These results demonstrate that the D 3 ‐Cr dilution method is a validated, non‐invasive, easy to use test for measuring muscle mass in a wide range of subjects and that the technical issue of D 3 ‐Cr spillage can be corrected for. Muscle mass measurement by creatine dilution potentially has broad applications in clinical and non‐clinical settings. Support or Funding Information KineMed, Inc.
