Publications

Eddy covariance has been the gold standard used to quantify on-farm crop water use and validate evapotranspiration and remote sensing models, but it comes with a high cost. Development of surface renewal allowed cheaper implementations, but it still requires complex data processing. Additionally, the thermocouple used in this method is vulnerable to breakage. With the depleting water resources in the western U.S., there needs to be a method that is cost-effective and simple to quantify water use across wide range of crops. Here, we employed the variance-Bowen ratio approach at an alfalfa site to measure sensible and latent heat flux (λE) using 1) a sonic anemometer and 2) an air temperature and relative humidity sensor (T-RH). The variance-based sensible heat flux, using a sonic anemometer and a T-RH sensor, agreed strongly (slope = 0.98, R2 = 0.96, n = 3726) with eddy covariance. The modified-Bowen-based latent heat flux (λEβ) also showed very good results (slope = 0.89, R2 = 0.91, n = 3773) with some uncertainty. We then assessed cases where λEβ performed lesser based on heat advection measurements and remote sensing observations from ECOSTRESS. The problematic λEβ was attributed as a product of the advection of heat and moisture from upwind fields because the assumed equal diffusion of heat and water no longer stands under advection. Overall, our results suggest that the variance-Bowen ratio is a robust, inexpensive, yet user-friendly approach to measure sensible and latent heat flux. Given its reduced cost, this approach also has the potential for measuring horizontal heat advection and validating remote sensing models across many different crop types and ecosystems. Furthermore, the inclusion of advection measurement could be crucial in addressing certain remote sensing models (i.e. DisALEXI and PT-JPL) as they systematically omit any advection components.

<p>Supplementary Table 5. The Adjusted Associations of Body Composition Measurements (Per SD Increase) with Reduced RDI Counting from the Initiation of First Chemotherapy</p>

This research aims to further the understanding of the structure and mechanical properties of the dermal armor of the boxfish (Lactoria cornuta). Structural differences between collagen regions underlying the hexagonal scutes were observed with confocal microscopy and microcomputed tomography (μ-CT). μ-CT revealed a tapering of the mineral plate from the center of the scute to the interface between scutes, suggesting the structure allows for more flexibility at the interface. High-resolution μ-CT revealed, for the first time, a 3D image of the dermal armor's complex collagen structure. Helical interfibrillar gaps in the collagen base were found that are similar to the Bouligand-type structure of the lobster, Homarus americanus, thereby suggesting that the collagen in the boxfish is also of a Bouligand-type structure. In situ scanning electron microscopy tests were performed in shear and tension between two connected scutes and suggest that the interfacial collagen is structurally designed to preferentially absorb energy during deformation to protect the internal collagen. Similarly, in situ small-angle x-ray scattering was performed in shear and tension and further corroborated the complex collagen structure. Lastly, these experimental results are coupled with finite element simulations that characterize the interfacial collagen and corroborate the non-linear deformation response seen during in situ testing. Overall, these findings further the understanding of the structure and mechanics of the dermal armor of the boxfish which may help provide a basis to synthesize bioinspired composites for impact-resistant materials, specifically with bioinspired Bouligand-type structures to create novel fiber-reinforced composites.

The probable association with <ns0:ext-link ext-link-type="aoi">GRB 980425</ns0:ext-link> immediately put <ns0:ext-link ext-link-type="aoi">SN 1998bw</ns0:ext-link> at the forefront of supernova research. Here, we present revised late-time BVRI light curves of the supernova, based on template images taken at the VLT. To follow the supernova to the very last observable phases we have used HST/STIS. Deep images taken in June and November 2000 are compared to images taken in August 2001. The identification of the supernova is firmly established. This allows us to measure the light curve to ~1000 days past explosion. The main features are a rapid decline up to more than 500 days after explosion, with no sign of complete positron trapping from the $\element[][56]{Co}$ decay. Thereafter, the light curve flattens out significantly. One possible explanation is powering by more long lived radioactive isotopes, if they are abundantly formed in this energetic supernova.