Solid state thin film lithium microbatteries fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) are suggested. During deposition the following process parameters must be considered, which are laser energy and fluence, laser pulse duration, laser pulse frequency, target composition, background gasses, substrate temperature, target-substrate distance and orientation. The effects of the variations of the process parameters can be obtained by measuring stoichiometry, thickness, phases and structure (grain size and texture), and stress of the deposited films. Electrochemical measurements will be conducted to test the microbattery properties through open-circuit voltage, charge-discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance analysis.
Type IIn supernovae (SNe) show spectral evidence for strong interaction between their blast wave and dense circumstellar material (CSM) around the progenitor star. SN 2010jl was the brightest core-collapse supernova in 2010, and it was a Type IIn explosion with strong CSM interaction. Andrews et al. recently reported evidence for an infrared (IR) excess in SN 2010jl, indicating either new dust formation or the heating of CSM dust in an IR echo. Here we report multi-epoch spectra of SN 2010jl that reveal the tell-tale signature of new dust formation: emission-line profiles becoming systematically more blueshifted as the red side of the line is blocked by increasing extinction. The effect is seen clearly in the intermediate-width (400-4000 km s(-1)) component of Ha beginning roughly 30 days after explosion. Moreover, we present near-IR spectra demonstrating that the asymmetry in the hydrogen-line profiles is wavelength dependent, appearing more pronounced at shorter wavelengths. This evidence suggests that new dust grains had formed quickly in the post-shock shell of SN 2010jl arising from CSM interaction. Since the observed dust temperature has been attributed to an IR echo and not to new dust, either (1) IR excess emission at lambda < 5 mu m is not a particularly sensitive tracer of new dust formation in SNe, or (2) some assumptions about expected dust temperatures might require further study. Lastly, we discuss one possible mechanism other than dust that might lead to increasingly blueshifted line profiles in SNe IIn, although the wavelength dependence of the asymmetry argues against this hypothesis in the case of SN 2010jl.
We report that Zn[N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> is a mild ammonia equivalent and base for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides and triflates. In\ncontrast to LiN(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, the combination of Zn[N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and LiCl coupled with aryl halides and triflates containing base-sensitive functionality\nin high yields. In addition, aryl bromides coupled with aryl and alkylamines with the combination of Zn[N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and LiCl as base. These\naminations occurred without racemization of the enolizable stereocenter of an optically active ester.
