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Carbon dioxide, water vapor and other passive scalars are physically transferred between a plant canopy and the atmosphere by turbulence. Intense and intermittent sweep and ejection events transfer most of the mass. Although the capacity for turbulence to transfer material is high, mass transfer is coupled to the diffusive source or sink strength of the foliage and soil and is ultimately limited to a minimum level set by the supply of material, or the demand for it. The diffusive source/sink strength of material leaving or entering leaves and the soil is a function of many physical, biological and chemical attributes and processes. These attributes and processes include the amount and distribution of foliage, the leaf boundary layer and surface resistances, the turbulence and radiative regimes in the canopy, biochemical and photochemical reactions and the scalar concentration field within and above the canopy and inside leaves and the soil. Here we discuss how these factors contribute to turbulent transfer in a deciduous forest.
In order to assess gross photosynthesis from measurements of net ecosystem carbon exchange, we must first
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
We present an all-oxide solar cell fabricated from vertically oriented zinc oxide nanowires and cuprous oxide nanoparticles. Our solar cell consists of vertically oriented n-type zinc oxide nanowires, surrounded by a film constructed from p-type cuprous oxide nanoparticles. Our solution-based synthesis of inexpensive and environmentally benign oxide materials in a solar cell would allow for the facile production of large-scale photovoltaic devices. We found that the solar cell performance is enhanced with the addition of an intermediate oxide insulating layer between the nanowires and the nanoparticles. This observation of the important dependence of the shunt resistance on the photovoltaic performance is widely applicable to any nanowire solar cell constructed with the nanowire array in direct contact with one electrode.
We give an update of current research on the use of nebular spectra of SNe la as distance indicators. Results of the application of the method to a group of SNe la are reported. We describe the status of the research including theoretical and observational requirements of the method. Our results point toward a shorter distance scale than methods based on the “standard candle” hypothesis for Type la SNe.
PrefaceAcknowledgementsThe Authors 1. The Search for Value and the Demand for Accountability 2. The Organized Delivery System: Ideal Versus Reality 3. Functional Integration 4. Physician Integration 5. Clinical Integration 6. Governance and Management 7. Integrated Health Care and the Community Health Care Management System: Prospects for the Future Resource A Methods and MeasuresResource B About the Study SystemsReferencesIndex.
Programs in Health Services Administration (HSA) should respond to the mandate to improve patient care as put forth by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and other reports on the proliferation and consequences of medical errors. This article will identify a framework to base curriculum change, competency areas, and educational methods to impart quality improvement knowledge and skills. The first six competency areas reflect the six redesign imperatives from the IOM report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century (2001): redesign of the care process; use of information technologies; knowledge and skills management; development of effective teams; coordination of care; and use of performance and outcomes measurement. Based on a literature review, five additional areas were identified: strategic quality planning; programs for patient safety and risk management; change management; roles of stakeholders, payers and regulators; and development of a learning environment and blame-free culture. Examples of curriculum content are provided from HSA programs at Georgetown University, University of Washington, and University of California at Berkeley.
In Punishing the Poor, I show that the ascent of the penal state in the United States and other advanced societies over the past quarter-century is a response to rising social insecurity, not criminal insecurity; that changes in welfare and justice policies are interlinked, as restrictive "workfare" and expansive "prisonfare" are coupled into a single organizational contraption to discipline the precarious fractions of the postindustrial working class; and that a diligent carceral system is not a deviation from, but a constituent component of, the neoliberal Leviathan. In this article, I draw out the theoretical implications of this diagnosis of the emerging government of social insecurity. I deploy Bourdieu's concept of "bureaucratic field" to revise Piven and Cloward's classic thesis on the regulation of poverty via public assistance, and contrast the model of penalization as technique for the management of urban marginality to Michel Foucault's vision of the "disciplinary society," David Garland's account of the "culture of control," and David Harvey's characterization of neoliberal politics. Against the thin economic conception of neoliberalism as market rule, I propose a thick sociological specification entailing supervisory workfare, a proactive penal state, and the cultural trope of "individual responsibility." This suggests that we must theorize the prison not as a technical implement for law enforcement, but as a core political capacity whose selective and aggressive deployment in the lower regions of social space violates the ideals of democratic citizenship.
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A nonoxide surface passivation for crystalline silicon is described. It involves the fluorination of the silicon surface. Characterization by photoconductive lifetime measurements and C–V measurements on MIS structures indicate that the fluorinated silicon surface is extraordinarily electrically passive, ≲1010 traps per cm2. Our technique for producing such high quality surfaces is described as is a novel gate insulator structure employing organic thin films. Potential device advantages of this alternative to oxide technology are also discussed.
