Publications

Effective ventilation in vehicles is crucial for ensuring thermal comfort and controlling airborne infections. This review focuses on the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in optimising vehicle ventilation systems. It examines various CFD methodologies, including turbulence models, meshing techniques, and solver algorithms, as well as their impact on ventilation performance. The review highlights that RNG k-ε and SST k-ω are among the most commonly used turbulence models in vehicle cabin simulations, based on their suitability for modelling complex airflow patterns and their validation against measured data. It also examines meshing techniques that influence the reliability of CFD simulations, including structured, unstructured, and hybrid meshes. This review article also discusses solver algorithms and their role in efficiently solving the governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer. Various CFD approaches have been employed to reduce the risk of particle transmission by improving airflow distribution and contaminant removal effectiveness. Moreover, CFD has been used to enhance thermal comfort by optimising temperature distribution and managing heat loads. By synthesising recent advancements and case studies, this review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners, aiming to enhance ventilation systems in vehicles through advanced CFD techniques. This work aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), by improving air quality and reducing infection risks, and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), by contributing to safer and more comfortable transportation solutions. The integration of CFD into vehicle ventilation optimisation supports the creation of healthier and more efficient transportation systems, ultimately contributing to broader sustainability goals.

The development and implementations of an integrated osmosis system (IOS) was discussed in this chapter. An IOS is comprised of the sequential stages of forward osmosis (FO), reverse osmosis (RO), and the related membranes. Performance and cost-effectiveness that cannot be easily achieved individually with the component systems can be achieved with IOS by optimally placing and using the desired properties of each membrane. IOS provides high diffusive and osmotic permeability, high rejection, low power consumption, and high mass transfer via the manipulation of convection, advection and diffusion, low concentration polarization gradients, low reverse salt flux, and effective restoration of performance after cleaning fouled membranes. The benefits of IOS include better permeate recovery and decreased volume of waste concentrate from RO processes or other elevated osmotic pressure solutions. The process of integrated osmosis first involves the use of a nanofiltration process to selectively harvest the solutes to achieve permeates with a reduced osmotic pressure. Then, the FO process is initialized to dewater the lowered osmotic pressure permeate in order to generate a dilute draw solution that serves as feed to the RO process. For the FO proses, RO permeate provides freshwater while the concentrate provides the draw solution. At the end of this chapter, an attempt is also made to show the research development and future direction of IOS, through hybrid membrane technology. The potential of the integrated systems to solve the world’s water crisis is more advantageous and economical compared to the individual systems.

High tunable properties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) allows different modifications to be used for distinct applications. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 or ZIF-8 are hybrid organic–inorganic porous materials that have shown great potential in membrane-based gas separations. In our study, SiO2/ZIF-8 (S/ZIF-8) nanofiller was synthesized via a facile one-step strategy. Furthermore, the S/ZIF-8 nanofiller was subjected to amine modification using an ammonium hydroxide solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the strong binding of amine and SiO2 on ZIF-8 nanofillers. The synthesized ZIF-8, S/ZIF-8, and amine-modified S/ZIF-8 (A@S/ZIF-8) of 0.5 wt% were incorporated into the polysulfone (PSf) matrix, and the hollow fiber mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated using dry–wet phase inversion technique. The inclusion of an amine group in the S/ZIF-8 nanofillers enhances the interaction between the nanofillers and PSf matrices, thus improving the CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation performances. The fabricated membranes were morphologically characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and the pore size distribution. It is noteworthy that the BET surface area was enhanced with nanofillers addition and significantly increased gas separation performance. The fabricated asymmetric hollow fiber MMMs were further studied for gas permeation experiments for CO2, N2, and CH4. PSf with A@S/ZIF-8 MMMs showed the best performance as observed from the Robeson upper bound limit, CO2 permeability of 4.25 barrer with the improvements in CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities of 89.75 and 61.46% respectively, compared with neat PSf membrane. The enhanced permselectivity of PSf–A@S/ZIF-8 membranes is explained by CO2-facilitated transport, where the high CO2 affinity of the amine group allows the selective transport of CO2 rather than CH4 and N2.

The purpose of this study was 10 determine the effect of degree of sulfonation (DS) on electrospun sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) fiber. SPEEK was prepared via sulfonation process by sulfonating native poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) with concentrated sulfuric acid (95-97%). The prepared SPEEKs polymer was characterized for their OS via hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance (WNMR) spectroscopy. The electrospinning process was taking placed in developing an eleetrospun SPEEK nanofibers mat and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used .to observe the morphological structural of the electrospun SPEEK nanofibers. SPEEK with different DS at50%, 58%, 68% and 80% was prepared in this /study.Ir was observed that the diameter of the fiber decreased as the DS increased aithe same operating parameters (flow rate and distance from needle tip to the collector), From SEM analysis, it was found that the diameter of the SPEEK nanofiber with the DS of 50('/0, 58%, 68% and 80% was 20him, 103.8nm, 68.9nin aDd 68nrn, respectively. Eventhough the obtained as-spun nanofiber from SPEEK at DS of 500/0 showed better appearance in its nanofiber mat form but the nanofiber spun at higher DS exhibited favorable lfiber 'structure due to its smaller size in diameter.In conclusion, the higher the DS of the SPEEK the smaller the diameter of the obtained fibers was.

Due to its increasing demands for fossil fuels, Indonesia needs an alternative energy to diversify its energy supply. Landfill gas, which key component is methane (CH4), has become one of the most attractive options to sustain its continued economic development. This exploratory study seeks to demonstrate the added value of landfilled municipal solid waste in generating sustainable energy, resulting from CH4 emissions in the Bantargebang landfill (Jakarta, Indonesia). This chapter critically evaluates the production of electricity and the potential income from its sale in the market. The project’s environmental impact assessment and its socioeconomic and environmental benefits in terms of quantitative and qualitative aspects are also discussed.

A partially unclad fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic field sensor is experimentally demonstrated. A series of six FBGs reflecting different wavelengths at an efficient length of 30 mm are fixed on the top and outside of a cylindrical glass chamber. The chamber is equipped with a solenoid that acts as a magnetic field generator and is filled up with air, saline solution, and crude oil separately to detect the changes in the magnetic field. The magnetic–hysteresis loops confirm the super-paramagnetic properties of the synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with size smaller than 20 nm. The sensor response time of ∼21 s confirms the high reliability and repeatability of the sensing scheme. The change in the magnetic field strength depended from FBG–solenoid distance, propagating at different media and function generator frequency leads to shift in the reflected wavelength of each single FBG's accordingly. The magnetic field strength outside the solenoid obeys the inverse-cubic law, and the decrease in the wavelength shift with an increase in the FBG–solenoid distance is in excellent agreement with the Biot–Savart law. The shift is caused by the interference of different propagating modes that are reflected from the core-cladding and cladding-magnetite layer interfaces; these modes have different phases because of the changes in the refractive index of the magnetite layer resulting from the change in the magnetic field. Our precise fabrication of the FBG probe with a maximum sensitivity of ∼11 000 pm mT−1 and the proposed design of experiment may be appropriate for detecting small changes in magnetic fields in the oil industry.

Membranes commonly used for separation processes can be made using phase inversion techniques. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the modified polyethersulfone/polyethilenglycol (PES/PEG) flat membrane using chitosan-succinate in 4 ratio mole made using phase inversion techniques. The results of SEM and BET analysis on membrane morphology prove that the membrane produced is a porous membrane. PES/PEG-CS-Succ membranes have a smaller and more uniform pore structure than. PES membranes. The permeability ability of PES/PEG-CS-Succ membrane is 0,4823 mg/dL and 23,1028 mg/dL, respectively.

No abstract is provided for this article.

Proton ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are a better alternative to the combustion-based electrical generators because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low carbon emission at relatively low operating temperatures. The electrochemical performance of PCFCs in terms of conductivity, cycling stability, and power density is heavily influenced by the morphological and compositional characteristics of the electrolyte materials. These characteristics can be controlled during the synthesis and fabrication processes. Microstructural modification of the proton ceramic electrolyte can further optimize the electrochemical performance and enhance the efficiency of PCFCs. The well-known electrolyte materials derived from cerate–zirconate ceramic perovskite-type oxides show incredibly high proton conductivity in hydrogen- and/or water-containing atmospheres. This review aims to discuss the influence of electrolyte synthesis and fabrication techniques on the electrochemical properties of PCFCs. Results and findings from different studies are explored and analyzed to examine the effects of grain size, sample density, sintering temperatures, and the addition of metal oxides on the electrolyte performance of PCFCs.

A-type zeolite membranes were synthesized on porous glass hollow fibers that prepared using the in-situ hydrothermal process. The porous glass hollow fibers were prepared using the phase inversion and sintering technique with the addition of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) to improve their porosity. The glass hollow fibers were characterized using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), mechanical properties and water permeability. The porosities of pure glass hollow fiber were improved by the addition of YSZ particles, which lead to an increase in the pure water permeability. The water permeability shows that the glass hollow fiber prepared form spinning suspension E, which has 30 wt% zeolite particles and 20 wt% YSZ particles, has the highest permeability of 155.65 L m−2 hr−1 bar−1 compared to the previous work, which was only 4.0 L m−2 hr−1 bar−1. This glass hollow fiber was later used as the support for the incorporation of zeolite membrane for the desalination application. The performance of membranes is separating sodium chloride (NaCl) salt solution were tested using two different setups, namely pressure driven reverse osmosis (RO) and sweeping liquid assisted reverse osmosis (SLRO). The solute flux for 5,000 and 10,000 ppm NaCl salt solutions were 24.45 and 17.86 L m−2 hr−1, respectively. Both operations enabled the solute rejection up to 98%.