2,971 publications from this institution
Although mortality trends in the entire population are decreasing, mortality rates remain very high, mainly in the rainforest region. Our results encourage a need for further development and improvement of the current health care delivery system in Peru.
Several individual components of the Mediterranean diet have been shown to offer protection against prostate cancer. The present study is the first to investigate the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the relative risk of prostate cancer. We also explored the usefulness of the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) in a non-Mediterranean population. FFQ data were obtained from 1482 incident prostate cancer patients and 1108 population-based controls in the Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study. We defined five MDS variants with different components or using either study-specific intakes or intakes in a Greek reference population as cut-off values between low and high intake of each component. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk of prostate cancer for high and medium v. low MDS, as well as potential associations with the individual score components. No statistically significant association was found between adherence to the Mediterranean diet based on any of the MDS variants and prostate cancer risk (OR range: 0·96-1·19 for total prostate cancer, comparing high with low adherence). Overall, we found little support for an association between the Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer in this Northern European study population. Despite potential limitations inherent in the study or in the build-up of a dietary score, we suggest that the original MDS with study-specific median intakes as cut-off values between low and high intake is useful in assessing the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in non-Mediterranean populations.
Up to 31 January 2022, over 165 thousand excess deaths were estimated in Italy, of these about 8% occurred among the working age population. Despite high vaccination uptake, excess mortality is still observed in recent months.
Biliary tract cancers are rare neoplasms including gallbladder cancer (the commonest), extrahepatic biliary tract cancer and cancer of the ampulla of Vater. Descriptive epidemiology of biliary tract cancers as a whole has two peculiarities: incidence and mortality rates are higher for women than men, and in some specific populations. Mortality rates are highest among New Mexico American Indian women, in Chile and Japan, lowest in Great Britain and Greece. Mortality trends vary widely: the largest increases have been observed in Japan, Hong-Kong and Spain and the largest decreases in the Anglo-Saxon populations. Our knowledge of biliary tract cancer etiology is limited. Defined risks include genetic factors (family history of biliary tract cancers, ethnicity), history of gallbladder disease, and cholelithiasis. Risk factors reported in some studies, on which, however, information is not consistent and which need further study, include overweight, some menstrual and reproductive factors (multiparity, young age at first birth, late menopause), low education, cigarette smoking, selected bacterial infections, some intestinal diseases and diabetes.
Introduction ............................................................................................ 98 Descriptive Epidemiology...................................................................... 98 Cancer of the Bladder and Other Urinary Sites .................................... 99 Cancer of the Pancreas ......................................................................... 101 Cancer of the Colon and Rectum ......................................................... 102 Cancer of the Stomach and Upper Aerodigestive Tract ..................... 103 Cancer of the Breast.............................................................................. 104 Cancer of the Ovary ............................................................................. 104 Cancer at Other Sites ............................................................................ 104 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. 105 Acknowledgments ................................................................................ 106 References ............................................................................................. 106Studies on the relationship between coffee consumption and cancer risk have been mainly focused on cancers of the urinary bladder, pancreas, and colorectum, and most data refer to adult and elderly populations. The relationship between coffee and bladder cancer is controversial, although many case-control studies have been published over the last three decades. In most studies, compared to coffee nondrinkers, the odds ratio (OR) tends to be elevated in drinkers, but the excess risk is generally neither dose nor duration related. Thus, although coffee drinking may be considered a risk indicator of bladder cancer, a strong association can be excluded, and it is still unclear whether this indicator is causal or nonspecific and due to some bias or confounding. For pancreatic cancer, a possible positive association with coffee consumption was postulated in a report published in 1981; since then, however, most studies have shown no substantial association, and, thus, there is now substantial evidence that coffee is not related to pancreatic cancer risk. Overall evidence on the coffee-colorectal cancer relation suggests an inverse association: no consistent relationship was observed in five cohort studies, but mostcase-control studies found OR below unity for colon and close to unity for rectal cancer. A plausible biological explanation has been given in terms of reduction of bile acids and neutral sterol secretion in the colon. For other cancer sites, including oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, breast, ovary, kidney, and lymphoid neoplasms, data on the relation between coffee drinking and cancer risk are limited and generally inconsistent, but largely reassuring.
The relation between coffee consumption and the risk of acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1987. The study consisted of 262 women with acute myocardial infarction and 519 controls admitted to the hospital for acute, nondigestive tract disorders. Information was obtained on the average number of cups of coffee or decaffeinated coffee consumed per day before the onset of the disease which led to hospital admission and on the total duration in years of the habit. There was a positive association between heavy coffee drinking and risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk (RR) = 2.7 for consumption of four cups or more per day). After allowance for smoking and other relevant covariates, the relative risk was not elevated for consumption of up to three cups per day, but still above unity for consumption of four or more cups per day (RR = 1.7), and the multivariate trend in risk was still significant (X1(2) = 5.14, p = 0.02). The risk estimates were grossly elevated among hyperlipidemic women (multivariate RR = 7.6 for moderate and 17.9 for heavy coffee drinkers). As a result of small absolute numbers, these estimates were largely unstable and the interaction between coffee and hyperlipidemia was not statistically significant. Such estimates, nonetheless, are of potential interest in terms of etiologic correlates and implications for prevention.
