Variable Falle: Kolloide aus Goldnanopartikeln mit einer Beschichtung aus Poly(N-isopropylacrylamid)-Mikrogel (pNIPAM) können Moleküle je nach Temperatur auf verschiedene Art fixieren (siehe Schema). Die poröse pNIPAM-Schale verhindert eine elektromagnetische Kopplung zwischen den Metallpartikeln, sodass bei Messungen der oberflächenverstärkten Raman-Streuung (SERS) hoch reproduzierbare Ergebnisse erhalten werden. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
We report a straightforward heat treatment in air of commercial screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) at different temperatures and times (ht-SPCE) that produces considerable electrocatalytic effects.
Sexual isolation is a key component of reproductive isolation, involving mate choice among mature adults. While there are various statistics for estimating sexual isolation from mating frequencies, their ability to produce unbiased estimates varies considerably, depending on the particular situation. We investigated, under different biological scenarios, the estimation properties (statistical bias, efficiency, root mean square, statistical test) of 12 statistics commonly used in the literature for measuring sexual isolation. Yule's Q, V, YA (and related indices) and IPSI are revealed to be the most efficient, with the smallest biases and root mean square deviations. Yule's Q, YA and IPSI show better estimation properties when using infinite sample sizes, while IPSI is preferable using smaller sample sizes. Other statistics investigated should be avoided, at least within the range of conditions considered. Regarding the parametric test of hypothesis, the best alternative is YA. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the various estimators, and propose IPSI as the safest for biological sample sizes.
In this paper, we named the composition by a real-valued measurable function and an uncertain variable as a composite uncertain variable. We focused on the uncertainty distribution for two kinds of composite uncertain variables. The conclusions show: (1) it exists a lower bound when the composed function is continuous and strictly monotonically decreasing at first and then strictly monotonically increasing (e.g. convex downward functions); (2) it exists an upper bound when the composed function is continuous and strictly monotonically increasing at first and then strictly monotonically decreasing (e.g. convex upward functions).
▪ Abstract Recombination can be a dominant force in shaping genomes and associated phenotypes. To better understand the impact of recombination on genomic evolution, we need to be able to identify recombination in aligned sequences. We review bioinformatic approaches for detecting recombination and measuring recombination rates. We also examine the impact of recombination on the reconstruction of evolutionary histories and the estimation of population genetic parameters. Finally, we review the role of recombination in the evolutionary history of bacteria, viruses, and human mitochondria. We conclude by highlighting a number of areas for future development of tools to help quantify the role of recombination in genomic evolution.
