National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut; Division of Clinical Care Research, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Methods: We used Medline to identify studies published in 2009 that assessed the accuracy (based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]) of validated tools for predicting all-cause mortality. For tools where accuracy was reported in 4 or more assessments, we calculated summary accuracy measures. Characteristics of studies of the predictive tools were evaluated to determine if they were associated with the reported accuracy of the tool.
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ABSTRACT Some scientists reach top citation impact in a very short time once they start publishing. The current analysis defined precocious citation impact as rising to become a top-cited scientist within t≤8 years after the first publication year. Ultra-precocious citation impact was defined similarly for t ≤5 years. Top-cited authors included those in the top-2% of a previously validated composite citation indicator across 174 subfields of science or in the top-100,000 authors of that composite citation indicator across all science based on Scopus. Annual data between 2017 and 2023 show a strong increase over time, with 469 precocious and 66 ultra-precocious citation impact Scopus author IDs in 2023. In-depth assessment of validated ultra-precocious scientists in 2023, showed significantly higher frequency of less developed country affiliation (71%), clustering in 4 high-risk subfields (Environmental Sciences, Energy, Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing, Mechanical Engineering & Transports) (64%), self-citations for their field above the 95 th percentile (31%), being top-cited only when self-citations were included (20%), citations to citing papers ratio for their field above the 95 th percentile (15%), extreme publishing behavior (7%), and extreme citation orchestration metric c/h 2 <2.45 (15%) compared with all top-cited authors (p<0.005 for all signals). The 17 ultra-precocious citation impact authors in the 2017-2020 top-cited lists who had retractions by October 2024 showed on average 4 of these 7 signal indicators at the time they entered the top-cited list. While some authors with precocious citation impact may be stellar scientists, others probably herald massive manipulative or fraudulent behaviors infiltrating the scientific literature. Significance statement Extreme performance may herald either extreme excellence or extreme inappropriate and outright fraudulent practices. Some authors reach the very top ranks in cumulative citation impact within only a few years, while even accomplished scientists take decades to reach these levels, if ever. A science-wide analysis of the authors with the most impressively precocious citation performance reveals that most of them come from less developed countries with limited resources, they heavily cluster in some scientific subfields, and they often have multiple signal indicators that may suggest problematic behavior. Some of these scientists are unquestionably excellent, while others may be manipulative or fraudulent. Evaluation of extreme cases allows science-wide views of the penetration of massive manipulative practices in scientific publication and citation.
John Ioannidis and colleagues argue that the current system of publication in biomedical research provides a distorted view of the reality of scientific data.
Non-genetic exposures including nutrients, lifestyle factors, consumables, and pollutants substantially contribute to phenotypic variation. Most studies assess only a few exposures or phenotypes, yielding fragmented exposome-phenome relationships. Systematic approaches are needed to quantify how the exposome the totality of environmental exposures relates broadly to clinically relevant phenotypes. We developed a resource benchmarking the role of the exposome using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), cataloging 619 exposures and 278 phenotypes, and systematically testing associations (Phenotype-exposure-wide association study [P-ExWAS]). Among 119k associations, 5% (n=5,661) were Bonferroni significant, and 40% replicated across independent population samples. Single exposures explained modest variance (median R-squared=0.5%; interquartile range [IQR]: 0.27 - 1.10%). Twenty simultaneous exposome factors increased median variance explained to 3.5% (IQR: 1.8 - 7.8%), comparable to 1M genetic variants. The exposome-phenome atlas is available at: http://apps.chiragjpgroup.org/pe_atlas/.
We propose a new logic family that enables the user to tune the transistor's effective threshold voltage after fabrication for higher speed or lower power. This technique along with dynamic voltage scaling allows simultaneous optimization of static and dynamic power based on the application/workload requirements. Programmable interconnect from an FPGA was implemented using this logic family on a 90 nm CMOS test chip. Measurements show that this topology provides twice the tuning range in the energy-performance space compared to a conventional interconnect utilizing only supply voltage scaling. For most of the performance range, this circuit consumes 35% less energy compared to a state-of-the-art design. The circuit is an externally static, internally pulse-mode topology which can replace static circuits without requiring significant changes to the system.
We examine two multiple-context schemes in the context of scalable shared-memory multiprocessors. The blocked scheme switches between contexts at cache misses. The proposed interleaved scheme switches between available contexts on a cycle-by-cycle basis, while providing full pipeline interlocks for good single-context performance. We show the interleaved scheme to have a performance advantage over the blocked scheme due to its ability to hide pipeline dependencies and reduce the context switch cost. We also show that, while the implementation of the interleaved scheme is more complex, this complexity is not overwhelming.
