Prominent in the current stage of antiviral drug development are: (i) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs), the most recent example being Stribild(TM); (ii) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), the pleiade of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that should be formulated in the most appropriate combinations so as to obtain a cure of the infection; (iii)-(v) new strategies (i.e., AIC316, AIC246, and FV-100) for the treatment of herpesvirus infections: herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), respectively; (vi) the role of a new tenofovir prodrug, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) (GS-7340) for the treatment of HIV infections; (vii) the potential use of poxvirus inhibitors (CMX001 and ST-246); (viii) the usefulness of new influenza virus inhibitors (peramivir and laninamivir octanoate); (ix) the position of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors [lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, telbivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)]; and (x) the potential of new compounds such as FGI-103, FGI-104, FGI-106, dUY11, and LJ-001 for the treatment of filoviruses (i.e., Ebola). Whereas for HIV and HCV therapy is aimed at multiple-drug combinations, for all other viruses, HSV, CMV, VZV, pox, influenza, HBV, and filoviruses, current strategies are based on the use of single compounds.
No abstract is provided for this article.
For establishment of the structure-activity relationship, 19 heterobicycle-coumarin conjugated compounds with the -SCH(2)- linker were synthesized and found to possess significant antiviral activities. Prominent examples included imidazopyridine-coumarin 12c, purine-coumarin 12d, and benzoxazole-coumarin 14c, which inhibited HCV replication at an EC(50) of 6.8, 2.0, and 12 microM, respectively. The heteroatoms in bicycles and the substituent effect on coumarin played essential roles.
A series of bicyclams have been shown to be potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The compounds are inhibitory to the replication of various HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains in various human T-cell systems, including peripheral blood lymphocytes, at 0.14-1.4 microM, without being toxic to the host cells at 2.2 mM. The bicyclam JM2763 is active against 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine; AZT)-resistant HIV-1 strains and acts additively with AZT. Mechanism of action studies revealed that the bicyclams (i.e., JM2763) interact with an early event of the retrovirus replicative cycle, which could be tentatively identified as a viral uncoating event.
Industrial quality demands have resulted in increasing attention towards the thermal behavior of coordinate measuring machines. The influence of the workpiece on the measurement accuracy is hereby often disregarded. This can lead to significant measurement errors. The described research examines the interaction between the measurement device and the measured object. Four distinct measurement error types that result from non-standard temperatures are listed. Temperature variations during the measurement lead to the most challenging situation. The key to measurement accuracy lies in linking the measurement time to the accompanying temperature variation. The possibilities of this methodology are indicated by an experiment on a reference object.
En depit d'une accumulation considerable au cours des annees des donnees epidemiologiques se rapportant a la lepre, celles-ci ont ete insuffisamment exploitees et souvent d'une maniere inappropriee. Dans cette optique, il est essentiel d'utiliser des systemes d'information pour l'enregistrement des malades et des statistiques annuelles qui permettent d'analyser separement l'âge, le sexe et le type de lepre tel le systeme OMSLEP
