873 publications from this institution
In this study interest centers on regional differences in the response of housing prices to monetary policy shocks in the US. We address this issue by analyzing monthly home price data for metropolitan regions using a factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) model. Bayesian model estimation is based on Gibbs sampling with Normal-Gamma shrinkage priors for the autoregressive coefficients and factor loadings, while monetary policy shocks are identified using high-frequency surprises around policy announcements as external instruments. The empirical results indicate that monetary policy actions typically have sizeable and significant positive effects on regional housing prices, revealing differences in magnitude and duration. The largest effects are observed in regions located in states on both the East and West Coasts, notably California, Arizona and Florida.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This paper addresses the effect of liberalisation and transformation in Eastern Europe on international trade flows between specific West and East European countries belonging to the Rhine-Main-Danube area. The discussion is focused on volume and direction of trade effects using a simple, but evidently robust model of bilateral trade flows. The estimates are naturally subject to a great range of uncertainty with respect to the likely developments in each of the countries concerned. The numbers might end up wide of the mark in the long term, but we think they are useful nonetheless in helping to frame the issues and focus thinking on the potential impact. The overall trade volumes tend to expand primarily as a result of a rise in living standards and output levels, and increase the openess of the Eastern European countries. Because any increase in income will take time, the global trade import will be spread over a number of years. The collapse of COMECON trading arrangements and the increasing influence of market forces in the Eastern European countries is likely to lead to a reorientation of these countries' trade away from each other and towards Western European markets.
Scintigraphy with bone-seeking tracers is used frequently for evaluation of focal abnormalities of bone metabolism. Tracer uptake depends on multiple physiological and pathological factors. For tracer uptake in extra-osseous tissues multiple etiologies are described. In patients showing intra-pulmonary uptake of bone-seeking tracers, exact differentiation of the etiology is mandatory for trageted therapy. In this case by fusion technique of CT and SPECT images 2 focal intra-pulmonary hot spots were localized in pulmonary arteries in a prostate cancer patient.
The ultimate goal of urban land cover mapping using high-spatial-resolution images acquired by earth-orbiting sensors is to monitor both the extent of urban areas and their composition in terms of land use and, thus, to obtain accurate and consistent information on urban areas. Conventional classification techniques, however, have not always provided sufficiently accurate thematic maps. A fundamental problem is that conventional pattern classification techniques used are hard (crisp) techniques in which each image pixel is associated with only one class throughout the classification. Although this may be reasonable with some relatively fine spatial resolution remotely sensed data sets, coarse spatial resolution satellite sensor imagery such as that acquired by the Thematic Mapper are usually dominated by pixels of mixed land cover composition in urban areas. Failure to accomodate for mixed pixels will result in a poor representation of land cover distribution and incorrect estimates of class extent derived from it. This contribution shows how fuzzy set theory may be incorporated into the classification process, namely at the class membership level and at the output level with a measure of fuzziness to make aware of the vagueness of land cover classification obtained.
The EPR™ is an evolutionary pressurized water reactor in the thermal range of 4,500 MWth, designed and marketed by AREVA NP. Currently, there are four EPR™ plants under design and construction: Olkiluoto-3 (OL3) in Finland, Flamanville-3 (FA3) in France,...
The recent computerization of the Austrian Patent Office in the mid-1980s has made it possible now to analyse the patenting behaviour at the firm level over a certain time period. This makes patents an easily accessible, quantitative indicator of patented inventions and, more generally, a proxy for the early stages of the innovation process. This paper attempts to analyse patenting activities and their determinants in the Austrian manufacturing sector. The data used are at the firm level which are based on a merger of the information provided by two data sources: patent data provided by the Austrian Patent Office, and company data from the statistical information system of the Austrian Research Centre, Seibersdorf. A conceptual framework for analysing patenting behaviour is developed. By using a mixture of simple cross-tabulations and multivariate logit analysis, differences between establishments in patent application are identified.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Economic and geographic interdependence is a fundamental component of the process of innovation. Such interdependence is the driving force of development patterns across regions, nations and supranational communities. The process of innovation itself has become more...
AppleApple breedingMalus spp has been extremely successful in providing a highly diverse fruitFruit cropCrop . Recent (>50 millions years ago) genomeGenome -wide duplication (GWD) resulted in the 17 chromosomes in the Pyreae and confirmed the originOrigin of...
The focus of this study is on regional knowledge production activities in Europe, with special emphasis on the interplay between agglomeration and network effects. As increasingly considered in economic geography and regional science in the recent past, regional knowledge production activities, on the one hand, still remain geographically bounded; on the other hand, knowledge production activities have become increasingly interwoven and internationalized, emphasizing the crucial importance of region-external knowledge sources for a region’s knowledge production capacity. The objective of the study is to estimate to what extent agglomeration and network effects influence knowledge production activities at the level of European regions. We use an extended regional knowledge production function framework as basis for the study, and derive a spatial Durbin model (SDM) relationship that can be used for empirical testing. The European coverage is achieved using 241 NUTS-2 regions covering the EU-25 member states. The dependent variable, knowledge production activity, is measured in terms of patent counts at the regional level in the time period 1998-2008, using patents applied at the European Patent Office (EPO). The independent variables include an agglomeration index, measured in terms of population density, and the regional participation intensity in the European network of R&D cooperation, measured in terms of the number of participations of a region in R&D joint ventures funded by the European Commission under the heading of the EU Framework programs (FPs). By this we are able to estimate the distinct effects of network participation and agglomeration on regional knowledge production. In our modeling framework, we further control for total regional R&D expenditures as widely used in regional knowledge production function frameworks and its empirical applications. In estimating the effects, we implement a panel version of the standard SDM that controls for spatial autocorrelation as well as individual heterogeneity across regions. The specification incorporates a spatial lag of the dependent variable as well as spatial lags of the independent variables. This allows for the estimation of spatial spillovers of agglomeration and network effects from neighboring regions by calculating scalar summary measures of impacts. The estimation results are expected to provide sketches of policy implications in a European and regional policy context. JEL Classification: R11, O31, C21 Keywords: Regional knowledge production, Agglomerations effects, R&D networks, European Framework Programs, knowledge production function, panel spatial Durbin model
No abstract is provided for this article.
SUAREZ-VILLA L. and FISCHER M. M. (1995) Technology, organization and export-driven research and development in Austria's electronics industry, Reg. Studies 29, 19–42. Over the past two decades Austria's export-driven electronics industry has experienced a progressive territorial distribution that has substantially decentralized production and employment. Nevertheless, the capital region's concentration has provided many advantages to R & D-intensive establishments through subcon-tractual opportunities and better access to advanced research and production skills. This paper analyses the relationship between R & D, territorial location and the most important organizational characteristics in Austria's electronics industries. An assessment of operational motivations, based on establishment-level survey data, is followed by a factor analysis that reveals the main organizational dimensions. Statistical analyses of the association between R & D intensity, territorial location and the organizational factors are then expanded to consider subcontracting and just-in-time production methods. Two-way subcontracting, whereby firms both subcontract part of their production out and are in turn contracted by others, is found to be prevalent. Such arrangements are thought to help firms specialize and avoid implementing costly production techniques whilst helping save capital and resources that can be reinvested in R & D. These analyses provide important insights on the association between R & D and subcontracting, just-in-time production and on the advantages of skilled production labour and plant size for research-intensive manufacturing establishments. SUAREZ-VILLA L. et FISCHER M. M. (1995) La technologie, l'organisation et la recherche et développement ali-mentée par les exportations dans l'industrie électronique autrichienne, Reg. Studies 29, 19–42. Sur les deux derniéres décennies l'industrie électronique autrichienne, alimentée par les exportations, a connu une distribution territoriale progressive qui a fini par une délocalisation importante de la production et de l'emploi. Toujours est-il que la concentration au sein de la région qui comprend la capitale a fourni aux établissements à forte intensité de R et D beaucoup d'atouts en termes des possibilités de sous-traitance et un accés plus facile à la recherche avancée et aux compétences techniques de production. Cet article cherche à analyser le rapport entre la R et D, la localisation géographique et les caractéristiques structurelles les plus importantes des industries électroniques autrichiennes. Une fois évalué les motivations opérationnelles à partir des données provenant d'une enquête auprés des établissements, il s'ensuit une analyse factorielle qui laisse voir les principaux paramétres organisationnels. Des analyses statistiques du rapport entre l'intensité de R et D, la localisation géographique et les facteurs organisationnels se voient développer afin de considérer la sous-traitance et la production juste à temps. La sous-traitance dans les deux sens, par laquelle les entreprises sous-traitent une partie de leur production et à leur tour se voient contracter par d'autres entreprises, s'avkre ripandue. De tels accords sont censés aider les entreprises à se spécialiser et à éviter la mise en oeuvre des techniques de production coÛteuses, tout en économisant le capital et les ressources qui pourraient être rénvestis dans la R et D. Ces analyses permettent une compréhension importante du rapport entre la R et D et la sous-traitance, la production juste à temps, et des avantages d'un effectif qualifé au niveau de la production et de la taille de l'établissement pour ce qui est des établissements industriels à forteintensité de recherche. SUAREZ-VILLA L. et FISCHER M. M. (1995) Technologie, Organisation und sich am Export orientie-rende Forschung und Entwicklung in der Elektronikindu-strie Österreichs, Reg. Studies 29, 19–42. In den beiden letzten Jahrzehnten hat in der auf Export ausgerichteten Elektronikindustri Österreichs eine fortschreitende terri-torials Streuung stattgefunden, die eine weitgehende Dezentralisierung von Produktion und Arbeitsplatzen zur Folge hatte. Dank eines besseren Angebots hochentwick-elter Fahigkeiten in Forschung und Produktion und der Moglichkeit, Arbeiten an Subunternehmer zu vergeben, bietet das Ballungsgebiet der Hauptstadtregion nichtsde-stoweniger Betrieben, die intensiv auf dem Gebiet der Forschung und Entwicklung tatig sind, mancherlei Vorteile. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die Beziehung zwischen Forschung und Entwicklung, Gebietsstandort und den wichtigsten organisatorischen Eigenschaften der Elektronik-industrien Österreichs. Die Beurteilung von Leistungsmotivierungen auf der Grundlage von Untersu-chungsdaten auf Unternehmensebene folgt eine Faktoren-analyse. die die wichtigsten organisatorische dimen-sionen aufzeigt. Statistische Analysen des Zusammenhangs der Intensitat von Forschung und Entwicklung, Gebiets-standort und organisatorischen Faktoren werden sodann erweitert, um Vergebung von Auftragen an Subunter-nehmer und just-in-time Produktionsmethoden zu unter-suchen. Es stellt sich heraus, daß zweifaches Subunter-nehmertum voherrscht, insofern als Firmen sowohl einen Teil ihrer Auftrage weitervergeben, als auch selbst von anderen firmen als Subunternehmer herangezogen werden. Man nimmt an, daß derartige Arbeitsteilung nicht nur dazu beitragt, daß derartige Arbeitsteilung nicht nur dazu beitragt, daß Firmen sich spezialisieren, und die Ausfuhrung kostspieliger Produktiontechniken vermeiden, Ausfuhrung kostspeiliger Produktiontechniken vermeiden, sondern auch zum Einsparen von Kapital und Ressourcen, die wieder in Forschung und Entwicklung investiert werden konnen. Diese Analysen vermitteln wichtige Einblicke in den Zusammenhang von Foschung und Entwicjlung und Subunternehmertum, just-in-time Produktion und in die Vorteile von Facharbeitern und der Betriebsgrobe fur forschungsingtensive Herstellerfirmen.
