This publication contains the following contributions: transportation planning in a social context (nijkamp,p and reichman,s); human interaction and spatial mobility: retrospect and prospect (haegerstrand,t); mobility and the individual in western industrial society (jones,pm); dilemmas in car mobility: the disenchantment of speed (kutter,e); impacts of advanced technology in the production sector on freight transport and communications (pedersen,po); mobility as a societal value: problems and paradoxes (nijkamp,p); policy cycles and new planning issues (le clercq,f); planning for mobility: the wish and the reality (bly,ph); planning criteria in the provision of public transport services (norrbom,ce); public transport planning between fictions and frictions (holtgrefe,aai); travel demand or need for access as future determinants of transport policy-making (reichman,s and salomon,i); travel-demand modelling: a state-of-the-art review (fisher,mm); transport and mobility research in a changing social and technological context (ruijgrok,cj); transport and location in integrated spatial models (wegener,m); the transportation sector in the communications society -some analytical observations (snickars,f); integrated transportation planning: physical expansion versus economic constraints (La bella,a); some reflections on transportation models (williams,hcwl); configurating change: reflections on transport policy process (starkie,d); European transport policy: need for deregulation a l'americaine (bauchet,p and masset,v); economic, political and legal aspects of regulation and deregulation in European transport policy (fanara,e); policy research for transport planning: a synthesis (masser,i); mobility and transportation planning revisited (nijkamp,p and reichman,s).
The equilibrium ratios pH2S/ pH2 of a gas phase coexisting with (Fe, Mn)S solid solutions of the system Fe-Mn-S and metallic iron have been determined in t
This paper adopts a spatial econometric perspective to analyse regional convergence of per capita income in Europe in 1995 to 2000 and, moreover, relaxes the assumption of a single steady-state growth path which appears to be out of tune with reality of empirical dynamics. The two-club spatial error convergence model with groupwise heteroskedasticity is found to be most appropriate for the data at hand. Two empirical key findings are worthwhile to note. The first is that the data provide much support for unconditional s-convergence in Europe. The second is that the usual convergence conclusions hold. But they do so for reasons that are not revealed by the classical test equation that is typical in mainstream economics literature.
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The hypothesis in this paper is that the existence of retail markets may not necessarily be determined by spatial factors and increasing return in transportation (or increasing returns in retailing), but can be explained by the rational behaviour of firms operating in a stochastic environment. It is shown that demand uncertainty can serve as an independent source of retail trade. Consequently, the ability of firms to process information and predict demand (i.e., to decrease demand uncertainty) may affect the characteristics of retail markets. The results indicate that risk-averse firms always devote resources to demand forecasting; producers are better off trading with retailers than with final consumers; and the volume of output supplied through retail markets is greater than it would be if producers traded directly with consumers (thus benefiting social welfare). Furthermore, the paper shows that technological progress in data-processing, which allows for cheaper and better predictions of market demand, increases the number of firms operationg in retail markets. (authors' abstract)
The main objective of this paper is to provide greater understanding of the systems of innovation approach as a flexible and useful conceptual framework fo
Spatial interaction models describe and predict spatial flows of people, commodities, capital and information. They are one of the oldest and most widely used of all social science models. This chapter provides a coherent state-of-the-art overview of the field that has witnessed the progression from gravity models to entropy maximising and random utility maximising models and finally to models based on neurocomputing principles that represent the most recent innovation in the design of spatial interaction models.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This chapter offers a review on modern entrepreneurship analysis, against the background of regional development. Regions with an entrepreneurial culture tend to be forerunners in a competitive economic process. After a conceptual discussion on the importance and the measurement of entrepreneurship, the contribution discusses critical success factors and key determinants of entrepreneurship. Next, a great deal of focus is laid on the geography of entrepreneurship as well as on industrial agglomeration, while due attention is also paid to the relevance of networks for modern entrepreneurship. The chapter concludes with some retrospective and prospective remarks.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This book presents the fmdings of a comparative study of three European metropolitan regions: Vienna, Barcelona and Stockholm. The heart of the work consists of empirical studies carefully designed and developed in order to identify the main actors and mechanisms supporting technological innovation in each of the metropolitan regions. The authors have also highlighted the similarities and differences across regions and countries, investigating how these came to be, and discussing the possible implications. The introductory as well as the concluding Chapter was written by Manfred M. Fischer who, assisted by Attila Varga, was also responsible for Chapter 2 on the Metropolitan Region of Vienna. Javier Revilla Diez contributed Chapter 3 on the Barcelona Metropolitan Region. Folke Snickars has provided Chapter 4 which examines the Metropolitan Region of Stockholm and. All authors have reviewed and commented on the whole contents so that the volume represents a collective endeavour which has been rendered as homogeneous as possible. A particular effort has been made to ensure that the study is based on a common conceptual framework.
The authors develop an empirical approach to examine static and dynamic knowledge externalities in the context of a regional total factor productivity (TFP) relationship. Static externalities refer to current period scale or industry-size effects that have been labeled localization externalities or region-size effects known as agglomeration externalities. Dynamic externalities refer to the relationship between accumulated or prior period knowledge and current levels of innovation, where past learning-by-doing makes innovation positively related to cumulative production over time. The empirical specification allows for the presence of both static and dynamic externalities and provides a way to assess the relative magnitude of spillovers associated with spillovers from these two types of knowledge externalities. The magnitude of own-region impacts and other-region (spillovers) can be assessed using scalar summary measures of the own- and cross-partial derivatives from the model. The authors find evidence supporting the presence of dynamic externalities as well as static, and the estimates suggest that dynamic externalities may have a larger magnitude of impact than static externalities.
This paper centres around two research questions: first, the identification of five types of networks that manufacturing firms located in the metropolitan region of Vienna may have created for different purposes; and second, the question to what extent the likelihood of interfirm cooperation is conditioned by the general profile of manufacturing establishments and their technological resources. Although this paper focuses on the manufacturing sector a special emphasis is placed on the electronics industry. The study utilizes a recent postal survey providing data on size and organization, products and markets, research and development, innovation and interfirm relationships. The analysis of the first question finds that: first, networking does not yet seem to be a popular managerial and organisational concept for manufacturing firms located in the metropolitan region of Vienna; second, networking activities are primarily based on vertical relationships (customer, manufacturer supplier and producer service provider networks) rather than on horizontal linkages (producer networks, industry-university linkages); third, networks focusing on the later stages of the innovation process are less common than those focusing on the earlier stages; fourth, firms tend to rely on sources of technology from national and – especially – international networks. It appears that metropolitan networking is less common than has been thought. For technical advance spatial proximity does not seem to be very important. Turning to the second research question of the study, focusing on the adoption of the managerial and organizational concept of networking, the results are bolstering the argument that establishment traits and technology related-capabilities do play a role. The results achieved reveal, for example, that in-house research skills are a very good predictor for industry-university relationships.
Spatial interaction models represent a class of models that are used for modeling origin-destination flow data. The interest in such models is motivated by the need to understand and explain the flows of tangible entities such as persons or commodities or intangible...
