The phenomena of climate change and increase in warming conditions across the globe causes changes in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. The present study analyzed extreme precipitation weather events across four Indian cities in different climatic conditions. The study uses IMD precipitation datasets from 1900 to 2004 to analyze different atmospheric influencing parameters like ENSO, AMO, and IOD on future extreme precipitation conditions. The Bayesian analysis is carried out for nonstationary analysis of extreme indices like Rx1 Day, SDII, R10, and CWD with a 10, 20, 50, and 100 years return period. Significant outcomes of the comparative study of the stationary and nonstationary analysis showed an intensification in extreme precipitation across Indian cities for all return periods using the CWD indicator. The remaining three indicators of the nonstationary study suggested intensifying extreme rainfall across all Indian cities except Guwahati.
A flash drought (FD) event is a relatively new form of severe occurrence, described by the quick onset and intensification of drought situations with serious consequences. This paper aims to understand the wide variety of studies and serve as a basis for future research potentials of FDs. An effort has been made to understand the advantages and limitations of the existing indices used for FD identification. A study in India was carried out for the identification of FDs using daily gridded data of soil moisture for eight days (octad). The results reveal that the Indus basin faced around 82% and the Cauvery basin faced about 88% of severe FDs during the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, respectively. Additionally, the results show that the Indus basin faces FD in the monsoon season since the basin has mostly barren areas and wasteland. This review also highlights the role of humidity, wind and radiation, soil characteristics, climate oscillations, and the relation between FDs and heavy-rainfall-induced flash floods. Furthermore, the paper has depicted some specific research-needs to monitor, forecast, plan, and respond with crucial points.
