Surveys of the top 400 US contractors were conducted in 1979, 1983 and 1993 to identify the areas with potential for productivity improvement in the construction industry. The trends in the findings of these surveys are observed and interpreted. The results indicate that cost control, scheduling, design practices, labour training, and quality control are the functions that consistently over the years are perceived as having considerable room for productivity improvement, whereas materials packaging and foreign developments in construction technologies are perceived consistently as functions that do not have much effect on improving construction productivity. The functions that were identified as needing more improvement in 1993 compared with the previous surveys were prefabrication, new materials, value engineering, specifications, labour availability, labour training, and quality control, whereas those that were identified as needing less improvement than in the previous surveys were field inspection and labour contract agreements. Also, respondents indicated consistently over the years that they are willing to participate in activities related to improving construction productivity but are not interested in funding any such activities.
This paper describes a stochastic simulation-based scheduling system (S3) that: (1) integrates the deterministic critical path method (CPM), the probabilistic program evaluation and review technique (PERT), and the stochastic discrete event simulation (DES) approaches into a single system and lets the scheduler make an informed decision as to which method is better suited to the company's risk-taking culture; (2) automatically determines the minimum number of simulation runs in DES mode and therefore optimizes the simulation process; and (3) provides a terminal method that tests the statistical significance of the differences between simulations, hence eliminating outliers and therefore increasing the accuracy of the DES process. The system is based on an earlier version of the system called stochastic project scheduling simulation and makes use of all the capabilities of this system. The study is of value to practitioners because S3 produces a realistic prediction of the probability of completing a project in a specified time. The study is also of relevance to researchers in that it allows researchers to compare the outcome of CPM, PERT, and DES under different conditions such as different variability or skewness in the activity duration data, the configuration of the network, or the distribution of the activity durations.
Maintainability is one of the considerations designers take into account in the design stage of building construction projects. In other words, maintainability is a design consideration that may improve ease of maintenance during operation. The designer is expected to include maintenance knowledge and experience into the design, including planning for specific tools to facilitate implementation. Maintainability issues appear during the occupancy stage and have a direct impact on the cost of owning and operating a facility. Annual operation and maintenance expenses during the life cycle of a building could amount to many times the initial construction cost. Design deficiencies constitute one of the main reasons for high annual maintenance cost. Facility management involves activities to maintain and operate a constructed facility. It is essential to evaluate facility managers’ perspective on how maintainability characteristics should be considered at design phase of facilities. A survey of 168 facility managers in the mid-west region of the US is uncovered that (1) maintainability should be top priority in design, especially for mechanical systems, (2) deferred maintenance should be avoided because it increases costs over the life-cycle of buildings, and (3) constructed facilities should be handed over with a maintenance schedule provided by the designer. Paying special attention to maintainability in the design phase is expected to help reducing the cost of operation.
The construction industry possesses characteristics of the production and service industries. This uniqueness requires marketing practices tailored specifically to match the construction market. A questionnaire survey of 65 U.S. contractors was conducted to determine the extent to which they are implementing a modified marketing mix theory that is compatible with the construction industry. The modified marketing mix theory recommends that contractors confront marketing from five perspectives, known as the five P's of marketing: product, price, promotion, place, and people. This study showed that the five P's of marketing are used by U.S. contractors in this decreasing order: product, price, place, promotion, and people. According to the survey results, U.S. contractors allocate about 1.5% of their annual revenue to marketing, but they may be spending more than they report. There seem to be only few differences between contractors that negotiate their contracts versus contractors who competitively bid their contracts, larger versus smaller companies, and contractors with a higher success rate in getting new contract awards versus contractors with a lower success rate.
Effective progress control is vital for steering infrastructure construction to completion with minimum delay. Walking through the infrastructure project site to record progress in different activities is time-consuming, requiring information extracted from construction drawings, schedules, and budgets, as well as data collected from the construction site. This process can be automated by using advanced remote sensing technologies. This study contributes to progress monitoring in large horizontal infrastructure projects. It presents a practical automated method using laser scanning technology that can track the project’s progress in a real construction environment with limited human input. It is robust and accurate and is currently operational. The system capitalizes on the success of laboratory experiments. This system deals with occlusions effectively, accelerates the registration process of multiple scans, reduces the noise in the data, recognizes the objects of irregular shape, and is economically feasible. It provides evidence that all current challenges encountered in using laser scanners in monitoring construction progress can be overcome. This method has been successfully tested in the Wacker Drive reconstruction project in Chicago, IL.
This study compares certification systems for green healthcare facilities implemented worldwide. Healthcare facilities are complex structures designed to provide uninterrupted service while involving substantial resources, high energy consumption, and heavy human and material traffic. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the importance of designs that ensure hygiene, reduce environmental impact, and improve energy efficiency, making green certification systems for healthcare facilities increasingly critical. Eight certification systems currently in use across eight countries were examined, four from advanced economies (LEED in the U.S., BREEAM in the U.K., Green Star in Australia, and CASBEE in Japan) and four from developing economies (YeS-TR in Türkiye, IGBC in India, GBI in Malaysia, and GREENSHIP in Indonesia). Country selection considered regional diversity, similarities in environmental policies, and the potential for healthcare infrastructure development. A literature-based comparative analysis was conducted, and seven key categories were identified for evaluating sustainability: sustainable land and transport, water and waste management, energy efficiency, material and life cycle impact, indoor environmental quality, project management process, and innovation. The comparison revealed considerable overlap among the systems but also highlighted shortcomings in addressing healthcare-specific needs. This paper contributes to the advancement of sustainability assessment in the healthcare sector by highlighting the need for certification schemes specifically designed for medical facilities. The findings emphasize the necessity of developing healthcare-tailored frameworks that not only address environmental performance but also capture the unique operational, functional, and clinical dynamics of this sector.
The goal of this research is to conduct a comparative investigation of the performance of minority/disadvantaged/women business enterprise (MBE/DBE/WBE) versus non-MBE/DBE/WBE companies in transportation projects. A performance assessment model was developed in a survey format following review of contemporary performance measurement tools. The survey was administered to prequalified MBE/DBE/WBE and non-MBE/DBE/WBE companies in transportation projects nationwide. The names and addresses of these companies were obtained from U.S. DOT websites. Comparisons between the two groups were made using the Mann-Whitney test. When the test was administered to the entire group regardless of firm size and age, non-MBE/DBE/WBE companies outperformed MBE/DBE/WBE companies. However, MBE/DBE/WBE companies were smaller and had been in business for fewer years than non-MBE/DBE/WBE companies. When MBE/DBE/WBE and non-MBE/DBE/WBE companies of similar size and age were compared, the study revealed that there are no significant differences in performance.
Joint ventures have become popular because of their importance as a strategic alternative in global competition. One of the reasons why international joint ventures (IJVs) are difficult to manage is because the cultural distance between IN partners has significant impact on alliance performance. Since construction projects are highly sensitive to external risks, the effect of the culture in the location in which the IN operates is also significant. In this study, the effect of cultural similarity/difference relative to the national and organizational characteristics of partner companies on IN performance is examined through a questionnaire survey. The impact of the cultural similarity/difference between an IN partner and the host country is also assessed. The results of the study suggest that differences in organizational culture have a greater impact on IN performance than differences in national and host country culture. The findings also reveal that similarity between the national cultures of IN partners has a negative effect on IN performance. The analysis of the data failed to provide evidence that IN performance is affected by differences between the culture of the host country and the culture of an IN partner.
The preferential selection of minority firms in federally assisted contracts, state contracts and large metropolitan contracts has been in effect in the US for the purpose of meeting affirmative action goals, but this practice has also raised questions about the quality of contract performance. A survey of 93 firms was conducted for a comparative investigation of the performance of minority vs. non-minority construction management (CM) firms. Minority CM firms include firms owned by ethnic minorities, disabled persons and women. An assessment model was developed following an extensive literature review on contemporary performance measurement tools. The model was converted into a survey that was administered to prequalified minority and non-minority firms that provided CM services in the transportation sector in the US. When a Mann-Whitney test was administered to the collected data regardless of firm size and age, it was found that non-minority CM firms outperformed minority CM firms. However, it was also found that minority CM firms were smaller and younger than non-minority CM firms. When 'large and old' minority and non-minority CM firms were compared, no significant differences were found in performance. But when 'small and young' minority and non-minority CM firms were compared, it was found that minority firms were outperformed by non-minority firms financially. It is concluded that 'small and young' minority firms particularly suffer from the liability created by smallness and newness.
Since the selection of a delay analysis method depends on the delay analyst's subjective judgment, there is a risk of making problematic decisions due to the delay analyst's ignorance, lack of experience, carelessness, or intention. Each one of these methods may yield different analysis results. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an objective decision-making system based solely on the project environment. The existing delay analysis methods are classified into four types, according to the basic principles used in the analysis. Seven conditions that affect the selection of a delay analysis method (i.e., type of schedule, type of information, timing of analysis, expectations from the delay analysis, acceptance by courts of law, capabilities of delay analysis team, and budget constraint) were identified in a literature review. A delay analysis selection system (DASS) was developed using if-then rules constructed by considering which conditions should exist in a given project environment for successfully performing a specific type of delay analysis and getting realistic results. This system was computerized and validated by implementing it in several but different scenarios considered in this study. The contributions of this study include (1) an objective selection decision can be made based on only the project environment, without relying on the analyst's subjective preference, and (2) unnecessary and expensive legal disputes caused by delay-related issues between construction owners and construction companies can be minimized.
