No abstract is provided for this article.
KEYWORDSFracture, growing cracks, plastic deformation, creep cracking, steady-state crack growth.
Arrays of nickel posts were used as magnetic elements in a microfiltration device that is compatible with microfluidic systems. The combination of microtransfer molding—a soft lithography technique—and electrodeposition generated nickel posts ∼7 μm in height and ∼15 μm in diameter inside a microfluidic channel. Once magnetized by a magnetic field from an external, permanent, neodymium–iron–boron magnet, these nickel posts generated strong magnetic field gradients and efficiently trapped superparamagnetic beads moving past them in a flowing stream of water. These nickel post arrays were also used to separate magnetic beads from nonmagnetic beads.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Abstract Verfahren fir die in‐situ‐Regenerierung von deuterierten Nicotinamid‐Cofaktoren unter Einsatz der Systeme a) (I)/Alkoholdehydrogenase/AIdehyddehydrogenase, b) (II)/Formiatdehydrogenase sowie c) (llD/Aldehyddehydrogenase werden beschrieben.
A semi-infinite interface crack between two infinite isotropic elastic layers under general edge loading conditions is considered. The problem can be solve
The authors prospectively examined the association between the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet score, overall, animal-based, and vegetable-based low-carbohydrate-diet scores, and major plant food groups and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in 86,621 women in the Nurses' Health Study. Diet scores were calculated by using data from up to 7 food frequency questionnaires, with follow-up from 1980 to 2006. The authors ascertained 5,522 incident cases of breast cancer, including 3,314 estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers and 826 estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cancers. After adjustment for potential confounders, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet score was associated with a lower risk of ER- cancer (relative risk comparing extreme quintiles = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.64, 1.01; P trend = 0.02). However, this was largely explained by higher intakes of fruits and vegetables. The authors also observed an inverse association between risk of ER- cancer and the vegetable-based, low-carbohydrate-diet score (corresponding relative risk = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.65, 1.01; P trend = 0.03). High total fruit and low-protein vegetable intakes were associated with a lower risk of ER- cancer (relative risk comparing extreme quintiles = 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.55, 0.90; P trend = 0.005). No association was found between ER+ tumors and fruit and vegetable intakes. A diet high in fruits and vegetables, such as one represented by the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet score, was associated with a lower risk of ER- breast cancer. In addition, a diet high in plant protein and fat and moderate in carbohydrate content was associated with a lower risk of ER- cancer.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This paper identifies the difficulties encountered in extending thermostatics to the description of irreversible processes in solid materials, and compares the resolutions proposed for them. The difficulties stem from the requirement of a continuum formulation of. the theory in view of the nonuniform fields accompanying processes, and also from the paradoxes which arise in a casual adaption of the theoretical framework to the description of state for inelastic behavior such as plasticity, creep, and relaxation. The discussion is in terms of the classical theory of irreversible processes. Basic concepts and results are compared with the more recent nonlinear field theory, employing memory functional representations. Finally, the role of internal variables is examined in bringing inelastic behavior within the framework of the classical theory. One noteworthy result, for a wide class of rate-dependent materials, is the existence of a potential function of stress, at each set of · internal variables, from which the inelastic strain rate may be derived. 1.
