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OBJECTIVE—Chromium may improve insulin sensitivity, which can modify the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we evaluated the association between toenail chromium and CVD in diabetic men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed cross-sectional and nested case-control analyses among men aged 40–75 years within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. The cross-sectional analysis compared men with diabetes only (n = 688), diabetes with prevalent CVD (n = 198), and healthy control subjects (n = 361). The nested case-control study included 202 men with baseline diabetes who developed incident CVD and 361 matched control subjects. RESULTS—Mean toenail chromium (μg/g) was 0.71 in healthy control subjects, 0.61 in diabetes-only subjects, and 0.52 in diabetic subjects with prevalent CVD (P for trend = 0.003). In the cross-sectional analysis, the multivariate odds ratio (OR) between extreme quartiles was 0.74 (95% CI 0.49–1.11; P for trend = 0.18), comparing diabetes only with healthy control subjects. A similar comparison between diabetic subjects with prevalent CVD and healthy control subjects yielded an OR of 0.45 (0.24–0.84; P for trend = 0.003). In the nested case-control study, comparing diabetic men with incident CVD with healthy control subjects, the multivariate OR was 0.65 (0.36–1.17; P for trend = 0.16) between extreme quartiles. When we combined prevalent and incident CVD cases among diabetic men and compared them with healthy control subjects, the OR was 0.62 (0.39–1.01; P for trend = 0.02) between extreme quartiles. CONCLUSIONS—Our results suggest that diabetic men with CVD have lower toenail chromium than healthy control subjects. However, this study could not distinguish between the effects of chromium on diabetes and those on CVD. Long-term clinical trials are needed to determine whether chromium supplementation is beneficial for preventing CVD among diabetic patients.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and AD-related dementias (AD/ADRD) have a substantial genetic basis, with APOE4 homozygotes increasingly recognized as a distinct genetic subtype. To identify genotype-specific metabolic pathways and modifiable risk factors, we integrated genetic, plasma metabolomic and dietary data from 4,215 women and 1,490 men in prospective cohorts. Here we show that the associations of 57 metabolites with dementia risk varied by APOE4 genotype or other AD/ADRD risk variants. For example, cholesteryl esters and sphingomyelins were most strongly associated with increased dementia risk in APOE4 homozygotes, whereas inverse associations with glycerides were specific to this genotype. Dimethylguanidino-valeric acid was more strongly associated with dementia risk among carriers of the rs2154481-C allele ( APP ). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet more effectively modulated dementia-related metabolites in APOE4 homozygotes, suggesting targeted prevention strategies. Incorporating metabolomic data modestly improved dementia risk prediction, particularly during early follow-up. Mendelian randomization analysis identified 19 putative causal relationships between metabolites and cognitive outcomes, including protective effects of 4-guanidinobutanoate, carotenoids and N 6 -carbamoylthreonyladenosine. These findings reveal genotype-dependent metabolic profiles of cognitive health and support precision nutrition approaches for ADRD prevention.

Sir, We have read with great interest the article ‘Where are we in understanding the natural history of polycystic ovary syndrome? A systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies’, recently published in Human Reproduction (Kiconco et al., 2022). The article aims to describe the natural history of reproductive, psychological and oncological features in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in comparison to those without PCOS, across the life course. The review included 21 longitudinal studies, whereas 216 studies were excluded at the full-text review stage due to various reasons, such as unclear criteria or self-reported PCOS status. The authors found that overall, existing longitudinal data were inconsistent and conflicting but suggested that total testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels decline to a greater degree in women with PCOS compared to those without PCOS, and that the risk for gestational diabetes is higher in women with PCOS than in those without PCOS. The definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria prior to the literature search and review process is a critical point in determining the outcome and, especially, the generalizability of the findings of a systematic review. In Kiconco et al. (2022), subjects were included if they had been diagnosed with Rotterdam or NIH-based criteria according to recent recommendation (Al Wattar et al., 2020). Due to the strict implementation of these criteria, the largest and longest prospective population-based cohort examining the wide spectrum of health-related issues of women with PCOS was not included in the systematic review. We feel obliged to raise this unique cohort study to the awareness of the readers of Human Reproduction, given that population-based birth cohorts, if sizable enough, are the best way to investigate the so-called ‘natural history’ (i.e. considering the genetic and environmental determinants as well as the changing features) of any multifactorial disease or syndrome, such as PCOS, during life.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMembrane-enclosed enzymic catalysis (MEEC): a useful, practical new method for the manipulation of enzymes in organic synthesisMark D. Bednarski, H. Keith Chenault, Ethan S. Simon, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 4, 1283–1285Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00238a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00238a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views408Altmetric-Citations144LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Wetting of Monolayer Films Exposing Ionizable Acids and BasesT. Randall Lee, Robert I. Carey, Hans A. Biebuyck, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Langmuir 1994, 10, 3, 741–749Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/la00015a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1011Altmetric-Citations180LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

The deposition of a thin, metal film onto an array of spherical silica colloids, followed by dissolution of the colloidal template, produces metallic half-shells with nanometer-scale dimensions. Half-shells of gold, platinum, and palladium were fabricated, with diameters of the particles ranging from 100 to 500 nm, and shell thicknesses of 8−15 nm. The half-shells have three useful properties because of their geometries: (i) a high ratio of surface area to volume, (ii) a large length of edge relative to size, and (iii) an entropic resistance to assembling into close-packed structures. The surface properties of these half-shells can be modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), formed by adsorption of alkanethiols. The surfaces composed of aggregated gold half-shells are superhydrophobic; the measured contact angle of water on a surface of unmodified gold half-shells was ∼151° and on a surface of gold half-shells functionalized with a hexadecanethiolate SAM was ∼163°. Aggregates of half-shells were patterned using template-assisted self-assembly.

A simple nonchemical functionalization method for transferring and patterning zeolite monolayers is described. Polarization experiments show that zeolite monolayers filled with two different dyes lead to different emission colors. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.