ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA reagent for reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins that reduces disulfide bonds faster than does dithiothreitolRajeeva Singh and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 7, 2332–2337Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00007a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00007a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1475Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An effort is made to cover the full elastic-plastic range from the very troublesome fractures which initiate and propagate at nominal or net stress well down in the elastic range to the common yet more easily understandable and preventable fractures at fully plastic or limit load conditions. Similarities and differences of behavior between steels which are highly rate-sensitive and aluminum alloys or other rather insensitive materials are examined. The very marked distinctions between the very special extremes of plane stress and plane strain are brought out along with their relevance to the failure of complex structures and elements. In contrast, the need to consider bending in most shell structures is emphasized. A demonstration is given of the likelihood in the laboratory, but even more so in the field, of confusing limit load fractures with low stress fractures. Crack extension under plane strain conditions is studied in some detail, and the important role of progressive blunting is indicated both in limiting maximum achievable stresses and providing a small region of intense strain in which ductile fracture mechanisms are operative. Comparison with appropriate microstructural dimensions leads to a rationale for minimum thickness dimensions for plane strain fracture. Plane stress yield patterns in cracked sheets are shown to be greatly sensitive to the yield criterion. The line plastic zone Dugdale model provides a correct solution for a non-hardening Tresca material, but diffuse zones result for a Mises material. The important role of thickness direction anisotropy is indicated. Stable extension under increasing load appears as a possible consequence of crack advance into previously deformed material. Conditions for stable vs. abrupt growth, the appropriateness of energy balance approaches, and plastic limit load calculations are also studied. An attempt is made to place all in perspective.
[1] Material juxtapositions across mature faults are a common occurrence. Previous work has found that this elastic mismatch results in a rupture that will preferentially propagate in the direction of slip displacement on the more compliant side of the fault, with more off-fault damage in the stiffer material. This result has implications for inferring preferred rupture directions based on observations of damage zone asymmetry. We perform a complete numerical investigation of the role of the stress state on the distribution of plastic deformation and the direction of preferred rupture propagation. We show that there are important factors, in addition to the elastic mismatch, which control the preferred direction of propagation as well as the side of the fault in which damage predominately accumulates. The orientation of the most compressive principal stress is the controlling factor in determining the location of plastic deformation. For different orientations, plastic deformation can accumulate in either the stiffer or the more compliant material. For high angles of most compressive stress, the aforementioned preferred rupture direction prediction holds true. However, the off-fault plastic response can reverse that direction for low angles of most compressive stress so that rupture will preferentially propagate in the direction of slip displacement in the stiffer material.
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Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) represent a unique system for exploring phenomena at the nanoscale and are expected to play a critical role in future electronic, optoelectronic, and miniaturized biomedical devices. Modulation of the composition and geometry of nanostructures during growth could encode information or function, and realize novel applications beyond the conventional lithographical limits. This review focuses on the fundamental science aspects of the bottom-up paradigm, which are synthesis and physical property characterization of semiconductor NWs and NW heterostructures, as well as proof-of-concept device concept demonstrations, including solar energy conversion and intracellular probes. A new NW materials synthesis is discussed and, in particular, a new "nanotectonic" approach is introduced that provides iterative control over the NW nucleation and growth for constructing 2D kinked NW superstructures. The use of radial and axial p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) silicon NW (Si-NW) building blocks for solar cells and nanoscale power source applications is then discussed. The critical benefits of such structures and recent results are described and critically analyzed, together with some of the diverse challenges and opportunities in the near future. Finally, results are presented on several new directions, which have recently been exploited in interfacing biological systems with NW devices.
