Abatraet-constraints on diffusive creep cavity growth along grain boundary facets are studied for the limiting case when all facets oriented approximately normal to an applied tensik load am uniformly cavitated. This situation represents the opposite limiting case to when cavitated facets are wes ceci conduit P une bonne compmhension des domaines de contminte et de temp&mture dans lesquels la croissance des cavit6s est gin& et ou la d&e de vie g la rupture at augment&. Gn voit que la d&e de vie a la rupture, que est prke ici &gak au temps moyen de coalescence des avitbs sur ks faccttes en dommag&s, d&d fortement de la proximiti dea facettm cavit&s, au moins lorsque la croissancc des cavittS est g&n&. Cependant, la dCformation B la rupture ne pr&ente pas cotte forte dCpendance bien que, lorsqu’elle cst g&r&, la cavitation contribuc notablunent a la d&formation totale lotsque lcs facettes cavit&s sont pro&a. Lomque ks faosttes endomrnag6es sont bien s+r&s, le polycristal pr6sente une vitessc de deformation ? constante. Au contmim, la vim de dCfonnation varie notablcrnent en fonction du temps lorsque ks facet& endotnmag&a sont pro&es. Nous avons cakulC la dur& de vie et la dtformation a la rupture, ainsi que ks oourbcs de la vitesse de dCfonnation en fonctioo du tcmps, en fonction de la contminte appliqube et de la tcmp&atun dans k nickel consid& comme mpmsmtatif des metaux c.f.c. -Die Einschritnkungcn, dcnen das Hohlraumwachstutn w&tend des Diffiyionskrkchcns entlang von Korngmnxfacetten unterliegt, wet-den fur den Grenxfall tmtemucht, da13 sfunthche Facetten ungcBthr senkmcht xu ciner HuSeren L.ast liege-n und glc.ichmiBig mit Hoblrihnnen buetxt sind. Dicsc Buhngungen stehen im Gegensatx xu dem Gmnxfall, bei dun die hohlmumhu&ten Facetten deutlich getmnnt dnd und nicht mitebrander wechselwirken. Die Analyse wird in e&m J-Dperiodiadun polykristallinen Mcdell aus Kernem in der Form von Wigner-Scitz2&n dnes kfz. Gitters durcbgefbhrt. Die K6mer weisen fmi gltitende Gmnxen auf und verformen sicb nkhtlinear und viskos cntapmchend der Spannung. Die Ausdrticke Bir Wachstumsmte der Hohltbwne, Bruchd&nung und Bruchstandxeit we&n mit Ergcbnisscn verghchen, die friiha fir den Fall deutlich gctmnnter Facetten &altcn wurden. Hiemus ergibt sich tine gute Einsicht in die Tempemtur- und Spannungsbemiche, in dcnen daa Hohhaumwachstwn eingesch&kt id turd somit die Bmchstandzit erh6ht. Die &uchataM%t, bestitnmt bier von dun Z usammenwachsen der Hohldume, Mngt stark vom &stand da hohlmumbemmten Facetten ab, wenigstcns beim eingcschmnkten Wachstum. Die Brucbddmung jedoch w&t dime starke Abhfmgigkeit nicht auf, wenn au& der RoxeB da Hohlmuutbildung im Falle dcs cingcachrdnkten Wachstums bei nahe bekinanderliegenden Facetten bctriichthoh xur Gaatntddmung b&r&t. Liegen die hohlmumbcstzten Facetten deutlich getrennt, dann vcrfotmt sich da Polyktistalf mit ciner m&iv konstanten Dehnungsmte. Im Vcrgkich daxu varikrt die Dehnungsmte betr&zhtlich in der Zeit fur den Fall nahe beieinanderliegender Facetten. Bruchstandmit und dehnung, ebenso der Zusatnmcnhang von Dehnungsmte tnit der Z&t, w&en Rir Nickel als reprftsantatives kfz. h&tall als Funktion der angelegten Last und der Tempemtur beret&net.
Abstract Objective Obesity is a growing problem in India, the dietary determinants of which have been studied using an ‘individual food/nutrient’ approach. Examining dietary patterns may provide more coherent findings, but few studies in developing countries have adopted this approach. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns in an Indian population and assess their relationship with anthropometric risk factors. Design FFQ data from the cross-sectional sib-pair Indian Migration Study (IMS; n 7067) were used to identify dietary patterns using principal component analysis. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine associations with obesity and central obesity. Setting The IMS was conducted at four factory locations across India: Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Subjects The participants were rural-to-urban migrant and urban non-migrant factory workers, their rural and urban resident siblings, and their co-resident spouses. Results Three dietary patterns were identified: ‘cereals–savoury foods’ (cooked grains, rice/rice-based dishes, snacks, condiments, soups, nuts), ‘fruit–veg–sweets–snacks’ (Western cereals, vegetables, fruit, fruit juices, cooked milk products, snacks, sugars, sweets) and ‘animal-food’ (red meat, poultry, fish/seafood, eggs). In adjusted analysis, positive graded associations were found between the ‘animal-food’ pattern and both anthropometric risk factors. Moderate intake of the ‘cereals–savoury foods’ pattern was associated with reduced odds of obesity and central obesity. Conclusions Distinct dietary patterns were identified in a large Indian sample, which were different from those identified in previous literature. A clear ‘plant food-based/animal food-based pattern’ dichotomy emerged, with the latter being associated with higher odds of anthropometric risk factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify this relationship in India.
During the past few years, various novel statistical methods have been developed for fine-mapping with the use of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Although these approaches require information about the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between variants, there has not been a comprehensive evaluation of how estimation of the LD structure from reference genotype panels performs in comparison with that from the original individual-level GWAS data. Using population genotype data from Finland and the UK Biobank, we show here that a reference panel of 1,000 individuals from the target population is adequate for a GWAS cohort of up to 10,000 individuals, whereas smaller panels, such as those from the 1000 Genomes Project, should be avoided. We also show, both theoretically and empirically, that the size of the reference panel needs to scale with the GWAS sample size; this has important consequences for the application of these methods in ongoing GWAS meta-analyses and large biobank studies. We conclude by providing software tools and by recommending practices for sharing LD information to more efficiently exploit summary statistics in genetics research.
