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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of two-component surfaces by the spontaneous assembly of monolayers on gold from solutions containing mixtures of organic thiolsColin D. Bain and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 19, 6560–6561Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00227a044RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1000Altmetric-Citations189LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (277 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

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Background: The Mediterranean dietary pattern might be a potential tool for the prevention of obesity. Objectives: We studied the association between adherence to 6 previously published scores used to assess the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and weight change. We also assessed the risk of relevant weight gain (5 kg) or the risk of developing overweight or obesity. Design: The study population included 10,376 Spanish men and women who were university graduates (mean age = 38 y) and were followed up for a mean (6SD) of 5.7 6 2.2 y. Diet was assessed at baseline with a 136-item, previously validated food-frequency questionnaire. Weight was assessed at baseline and biennially during follow-up. Results: Participants with the lowest adherence (3 points) to the Mediterranean dietary score (MDS) proposed by Trichopoulou et al (range: 0–9; N Engl J Med 2003;348:2599–608) exhibited the highest average yearly weight gain, whereas participants with the highest (6 points) adherence exhibited the lowest weight gain (adjusted difference: 20.059 kg/y; 95% CI: 20.111, 20.008 kg/y; P for trend = 0.02). This inverse association was extended to other a priori–defined MDSs. The group with the highest adherence to the MDS also showed the lowest risk of relevant weight gain (5 kg) during the first 4 y of follow-up (odds ratio: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.90). Conclusions: Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is significantly associated with reduced weight gain. This dietary pattern can be recommended to slow down age-related weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:1484–93.

Frank B Hu, MD, PhD, is Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health (MA, USA) and Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He received his medical training at Tongji Medical University in Wuhan, China and obtained a doctoral degree in Epidemiology at the University of Illinois at Chicago (IL, USA). Dr Hu is Co-director of the Program in Obesity Epidemiology and Prevention at Harvard. He also serves as Director of the Epidemiology and Genetics Core of the NIH-funded Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center. His research is mainly focused on the nutritional and genetic epidemiology of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, as well as gene–environment interactions. Dr Hu has published more than 500 original papers and reviews and a textbook on ‘Obesity Epidemiology’. He is the recipient of an American Heart Association National Established Investigator Award and the Kelly West Award for Outstanding Achievemen...

This letter demonstrates the use of an array of transparent microspheres in forming repetitive, micrometer-scale patterns in photoresist, starting from masks with centimeter-scale patterns. A transparent microsphere with diameter d>1.5 μm acts as a lens and reduces centimeter-scale images into micrometer-scale images on its image plane. A planar array of microspheres projects the image of an illuminated mask onto a corresponding array of micropatterns on their common image plane. We have prepared arrays of polystyrene microspheres (d=1.5–10 μm) embedded in a transparent membrane to generate repetitive patterns in photoresist, and have transferred the resulting patterns into metal films by liftoff. The optical system of this technique is related to that used in conventional projection photolithography, but differs in that the lens that accomplishes size reduction is positioned within 10 μm of the photoresist. The microspheres generate uniform patterns over an area of ∼2 cm2, using a mask with area ∼25×25 cm2 illuminated with a white light source. This method can generate submicron features either within a micropattern or between neighboring patterns.

This paper describes a system to systematically compare the performance of various methods (software modules) for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. We discuss the general nature and large size of this performance evaluation problem and the data one obtains. The system meets certain design objectives that ensure a valid experiment: 1) precise definition of a particular measurement; 2) uniformity in defimition of variables entering the experiment; and 3) reproducibility of results. The ease of use of the system makes it possible to make the large sets of measurements necessary to obtain confidence in the results and its portability allows others to check or extend the measurements. The system has four parts: 1) semiautomatic generation of problems for experimental input; 2) the ELLPACK system for actually solving the equation; 3) a data management system to organize and access the experimental data; and 4) data analysis programs to extract graphical and statistical summaries from the data.

Scanning probe microscopies, such as scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, are uniquely powerful tools for probing the microscopic properties of surfaces. If these microscopies are used to study low‐dimensional materials, from two‐dimensional solids such as graphite to zero‐dimensional nanostructures, it is possible to elucidate atomic‐scale structural and electronic properties characteristic of the bulk of a material and not simply the surface. By combining such measurements with chemical synthesis or direct manipulation it is further possible to elucidate relationships between composition, structure, and physical properties, thus promoting an understanding of the chemical basis of material properties. This article illustrates that the combination of scanning probe microscopies and chemical synthesis has advanced our understanding of charge density waves, high‐temperature superconductivity, and nanofabrication in low‐dimensional materials. This new approach to studying materials has directly contributed to our knowledge of how metal dopants interact with charge density waves and elucidated the local crystal chemistry of complex copper oxides, microscopic details of the superconducting states in materials with a high superconducting transition I c , and new approaches to the fabrication of multi‐component nanostructures. Coupling scanning probe microscopy measurement and manipulation with chemical synthesis should provide an approach to understanding material properties and creating complex nanostructures in general.

Recent observations on the dynamics of crack and fault rupture are described, together with related theory and simulations in the frame-work of continuum elastodynamics. Topics include configurational instabilities of tensile crack fronts (crack front waves,...