Introduction: Dietary insulin index and insulin load were developed to quantify the insulinogenice effects of various foods to capture the postprandial insulin response elicited by carbohydrate, protein and fat intake. However, the association between dietary insulin index, dietary insulin load with risk of coronary heart disease is unknown. Methods: Based on the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), two large prospective cohort studies of US women and men, we included 76,277 women and 42,689 men into our study with dietary information measured every 4 years. We excluded participants with a baseline history of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, or cancer. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used, adjusting for major risk factors for coronary heart diseases. We modeled dietary insulin index and insulin load using simple update, cumulative average, continue updating and stop updating after intermediate outcomes. Results: The multivariate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals comparing the highest vs. the lowest quintile of dietary insulin index was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.95-1.23; p for trend=0.66) for women, and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98-1.17; p for trend =0.02) for men. For dietary insulin load, the adjusted HR was 1.1 (95% CI: 0.97-1.25; p for trend=0.50) for women and 1.05 (95%CI: 0.96-1.14; p for trend=0.10) for men. Results were similar across different analytic methods. Conclusion: In this cohort of US women and men, we did not observe a strong positive between dietary insulin index or dietary load and risk of coronary heart diseases.
Willis and Movchan [Willis, J.R., Movchan, A.B., 1995. Dynamic weight functions for a moving crack I. Mode I loading. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 43, 319.] devised weight functions for a dynamic mode I fracture, within the singular crack model, using a first order perturbation of in-plane crack motion from the 2D results. Ramanathan and Fisher [Ramanathan, S., Fisher, D.S., 1997. Dynamics and instabilities of planar tensile cracks in heterogeneous media. Phys. Rev. Lettr. 79, 877.] reformulated the Willis-Movchan’s result in terms of crack growth at constant fracture energy, thereby confirming the existence of a crack front wave. Such a wave, as a propagating mode local to the moving crack front, was seen in the non-perturbative numerical simulations based on a cohesive zone fracture model, equivalent to growth at constant fracture energy. In this paper, the result of Ramanathan and Fisher, given in the wavenumber–frequency domain, is recast in the wavenumber–time domain to analyze fracture propagation within first-order perturbations for the singular crack model. This allows application of a spectral numerical methodology and is shown to be consistent with the known 2D results. Through analysis of a single spatial mode of crack shape, the propagating crack front wave and its resonance are demonstrated. Crack propagation through a randomly heterogeneous zone, and growth of disorder with propagation distance, are also examined.
Microcracks in fault damage zones can heal under thermally controlled processes. If a flow communication exists between a fluid source and the fault damage zone, warm fluids can migrate into it, change its thermal conditions, and assist healing. The crack life span depends on the local temperature and is, thus, modified by the infiltration of warm fluids. The features of the initial fault architecture govern how the fluids will propagate within the fault damage zones. This affects the rate of healing and the rate of permeability reduction. The region infiltrated by fluids will then show a significant decrease in its permeability, as seen in many field examples like the Alpine Fault. Conventionally, the damage zones immediately near the fault core have a high permeability that decays as we go further away. However, the region adjacent to the fault core, in the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, has the lowest permeability in the current interseismic period. As shown by our simulations, this can be due to healing and sealing, favored by the localized high geothermal gradients (confirmed by the drilling data) and the upward fluid migration through the fault relay structure, which accelerated mass diffusion and minerals precipitation.
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Infertility is an increasing problem for both individuals and societies. The number of couples seeking treatment for infertility is increasing each year, and public interest seems to be rising along with the new treatment methods and the improving results. Male infertility is also of great interest now that several studies suggest a deterioration in the quality of semen in many countries, Finland being an exception. The assisted reproductive technologies have improved tremendously since the first child conceived by in vitro fertilization was born in 1978. The new techniques include e.g. intrauterine insemination (IUI), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracellular sperm injection (ICSI) and various combination treatments. These treatments are costly and both physically and emotionally stressful, and the success rate varies according to the aetiology of infertility, the age of the woman treated and the method used. More information is needed about the aetiology and incidence of fertility disorders as well as about the availability of treatment in the circumpolar areas and the couples' opinions of treatment. Our own study population, which was drawn form the northern Finland birth cohort for 1966, provides an outstanding opportunity to study these issues, since data are available for the whole life course of the individuals, dating back to prenatal life.
Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of hydrogenolysis of dineopentylbis(triethylphosphine)platinum(II)Robert H. Reamey and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 1, 81–85Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00313a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00313a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views132Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
