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OBJECTIVE—Inverse associations between magnesium and calcium intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes have been reported for studies in predominantly white populations. We examined magnesium, calcium, and major food sources in relation to type 2 diabetes in African-American women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This is a prospective cohort study including 41,186 participants of the Black Women’s Health Study without a history of diabetes who completed validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline. During 8 years of follow-up (1995–2003), we documented 1,964 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS—The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of intake was 0.69 (95% CI 0.59–0.81; P trend <0.0001) for dietary magnesium and 0.86 (0.74–1.00; P trend = 0.01) for dietary calcium. After mutual adjustment, the association for calcium disappeared (hazard ratio 1.04 [95% CI 0.88–1.24]; P trend = 0.88), whereas the association for magnesium remained. Daily consumption of low-fat dairy (0.87 [0.76–1.00]; P trend = 0.04) and whole grains (0.69 [0.60–0.79]; P trend <0.0001) were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared with a consumption less than once a week. After mutual adjustment, the hazard ratio was 0.81 (0.68–0.97; P trend = 0.02) for magnesium and 0.73 (0.63–0.85; P trend <0.0001) for whole grains. CONCLUSIONS—These findings indicate that a diet high in magnesium-rich foods, particularly whole grains, is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women.

Field observations of maturely slipped faults show a generally broad zone of damage by cracking and granulation.Nevertheless, large shear deformation, and therefore heat generation, in individual earthquakes takes place with extreme localization to a zone <1-5 mm wide within a finely granulated fault core.Relevant fault weakening processes during large crustal events are therefore likely to be thermal.Further, given the porosity of the damage zones, it seems reasonable to assume groundwater presence.It is suggested that the two primary dynamic weakening mechanisms during seismic slip, both of which are expected to be active in at least the early phases of nearly all crustal events, are then as follows: (1) Flash heating at highly stressed frictional micro-contacts, and (2) Thermal pressurization of fault-zone pore fluid.Both have characteristics which promote extreme localization of shear.Macroscopic fault melting will occur only in cases for which those processes, or others which may sometimes become active at large enough slip (e.g., thermal decomposition, silica gelation), have not sufficiently reduced heat generation and thus limited temperature rise.Spontaneous dynamic rupture modeling, using procedures that embody mechanisms (1) and ( 2), shows how faults can be statically strong yet dynamically weak, and operate under low overall driving stress, in a manner that generates negligible heat and meets major seismic constraints on slip, stress drop, and self-healing rupture mode.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPseudorotation in tetrafluorodimethylaminophosphoraneGeorge M. Whitesides and H. Lee MitchellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 19, 5384–5386Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01047a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01047a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views242Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Background. Mental disorders often begin during the formative years of education. They may disrupt education and lead to social underachievement. Methods. We examined the impact of mental disorders treated in hospital (ages 16–29) on educational attainment up to 31 years in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort ( N = 10581). People discharged due to mental illness were grouped by DSM-III-R diagnoses (of schizophrenia, other psychoses and non-psychotic disorders) and were compared with those having no such hospital treatment. Associations between diagnoses and educational outcome (completion of basic level, upper secondary or tertiary education) were analysed stratified by age at onset (early onset &lt; 22 years v . later), and adjusted for confounding by perinatal risk, early motor development, maternal education, family structure, parental social class, and school achievement using prospective data from earlier assessments and logistic regression analysis. Results. Twelve per cent of the comparison group completed basic level education, 62% upper secondary, and 26% tertiary education. People with early onset disorder tended to stagnate in the basic level. Early onset schizophrenia and all non-psychotic cases had 3- to 6-fold adjusted odds for this outcome. Many with early onset schizophrenia completed secondary education, but none completed the tertiary level. Hospitalization for non-psychotic disorder increased the risk of underachievement in tertiary education for those with early onset. Conclusions. Mental disorder treated in hospital truncates education. Failure to complete higher education may contribute to the ‘social exclusion’ of the mentally ill through reduced opportunities in later occupational life and failure to accumulate social capital.

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No abstract is provided for this article.

No abstract is provided for this article.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDegenerate intermolecular thiolate-disulfide interchange involving cyclic five-membered disulfides is faster by .apprx.103 than that involving six- or seven-membered disulfidesRajeeva Singh and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 17, 6304–6309Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00173a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00173a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1124Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts