6,332 publications from this institution
Experiments carried out by Bucaro et al. demonstrate that an optical-fiber acoustic wave detector with a plastic coating several times its diameter exhibits greatly increased sensitivity compared with an uncoated fiber. In this paper we show that this effect should be expected because the plastic is much more compressible than the glass fiber. With a very thick coating of a Teflonlike plastic, the calculated longitudinal strain produced in the fiber by hydrostatic pressure is thirteen times larger than for an uncoated fiber. The effective phase change is increased by the much larger factor of 38 because the coated fiber expands laterally instead of contracting.
We studied the association between alexithymia in adulthood and social situation of the child's family at the time of the child's birth.The study forms part of the prospective Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project. The original material consisted of all 12,058 live-born children in the provinces of Lapland and Oulu in Finland with an expected delivery date during 1966. The material represents 96% of all births in the region. In 1997 a 31-year follow-up study was made on part of the initial sample. The 20-item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was given to 5983 participants of the field study. Of them, 85% returned the questionnaire properly completed. Factors indicative of the social situation of the child's family were already gathered during pregnancy and the time of birth from the mothers, thus eliminating recall bias.Alexithymia was more common in subjects from rural than urban dwelling areas. Unwanted children or subjects born into families with many children also exhibited an association with alexithymia in adulthood.Maternal social situation and environment predict alexithymia in the offspring.
In this Viewpoint, Hu and Willett survey the accomplishments and future directions of nutritional epidemiology research, arguing for a multidisciplinary approach across the lifecycle using new digital technologies as the best means to address existing uncertainties about optimal diet and nutrition.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Abstract Higher serum C-peptide concentrations is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, we used diet and C-peptide information from a subsample of women from a large cohort and applied stepwise linear regression to identify food groups that correlated with serum levels of C-peptide. These food contributors then formed dietary patterns for predicting the risk of CRC in the main cohort of women. In up to 22 years of follow-up, we ascertained 985 cases of CRC and 758 colon cancer cases. After adjusting for confounders, we observed that the C-peptide pattern, characterized by higher meat, fish, and sweetened beverage intake, but lower coffee, high fat dairy, and whole grains intake, showed direct association with CRC risk (comparing extreme quintiles, RR=1.35, 95% CI=1.07–1.70. p trend=0.009). In stratified analysis, we did not observe an association between the C-peptide pattern and colon cancer among lean and active women (RR comparing extreme quintiles=0.84, 95% CI=0.50–1.41, p trend=0.23). However, among women who were overweight or sedentary, RR for the same comparison was 1.58 (95% CI=1.20–2.07, p trend=0.002) (p for interaction=0.007). In addition, the association between the C peptide pattern and serum C peptide concentrations is also stronger in the sedentary or overweight group (r=0.23, p<0.0001 vs r=0.15, p=0.01 among lean and active women). In conclusion, we derived a dietary pattern that correlated with C peptide concentrations. This pattern was associated with an increase of colon cancer, especially among women who were at risk for insulin resistance. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B95.
The First IEEE Computer Society Workshop on Computational Science and Engineering brought together participants from academia, industry, and government to examine issues and activities in education, employment, research, and development. The 70 participants, who met in October 1996 at Purdue University, represented many viewpoints and came from several countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. They considered four basic questions for CSE:Who is doing what now?What is working well and why?What is not working well and why?What does the future hold?These questions permeated the 13 presentations, the three panels, and the many lively discussions during the workshop. The full agenda is available at http://www.cse.purdue.edu/ieee.workshop/Outline.html.This theme section in IEEE Computational Science & Engineering includes material from five of the presentations plus Steve Stevenson's personal view of the workshop. Dianne O'Leary explores the relationship between the two distinct, but still very similar, disciplines of CSE and applied mathematics. Tom Marchioro and Rubin Landau discuss the enormous educational challenges in CSE and describe interesting developments in using the World Wide Web to supplement traditional course work. Les Hatton presents a summary of his in-depth studies of the accuracy, correctness, and reliability of large production codes from science and engineering applications. It is disturbing reading and underscores the neglect that software quality has received in science and engineering (and in other areas too!). Efstratios Gallopoulos and Ahmed Sameh provide a view of the relationship between computing and science and of what computational scientists and engineers might be expected to do. And I sketch a scenario of the future evolution of scientific software systems, one that poses many challenges (and opportunities) for science, engineering, CSE, and computer science.
Results of a fracture mechanics analysis relevant to fatigue crack growth at rivets in lap joints of aircraft skins are presented. Multi-site damage (MSD) is receiving increased attention within the context of problems of aging aircraft. Fracture analyses previously carried out include small-scale modeling of rivet/skin interactions, larger-scale two-dimensional models of lap joints similar to that developed here, and full scale three-dimensional models of large portions of the aircraft fuselage. Fatigue testing efforts have included flat coupon specimens, two-dimensional lap joint tests, and full scale tests on specimens designed to closely duplicate aircraft sections. Most of this work is documented in the proceedings of previous symposia on the aging aircraft problem. The effect MSD has on the ability of skin stiffeners to arrest the growth of long skin cracks is a particularly important topic that remains to be addressed. One of the most striking features of MSD observed in joints of some test sections and in the joints of some of the older aircraft fuselages is the relative uniformity of the fatigue cracks from rivet to rivet along an extended row of rivets. This regularity suggests that nucleation of the cracks must not be overly difficult. Moreover, it indicates that there is some mechanism which keeps longer cracks from running away from shorter ones, or, equivalently, a mechanism for shorter cracks to catch-up with longer cracks. This basic mechanism has not been identified, and one of the objectives of the work is to see to what extent the mechanism is revealed by a fracture analysis of the MSD cracks. Another related aim is to present accurate stress intensity factor variations with crack length which can be used to estimate fatigue crack growth lifetimes once cracks have been initiated. Results are presented which illustrate the influence of load shedding from rivets with long cracks to neighboring rivets with shorter cracks. Results are also included for the effect of residual stress due to the riveting process itself.
No abstract is provided for this article.
liams's letter (10 October, p 987) about the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, and agree entirely with your comment.I would take exception, however, to his last sentence, which implies that an "alcoholic binge" may lead to an upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and that this does not require investigation.It is our experience that when alcoholic excess leads to a massive bleed there is usually a chronic underlying cause, and I would suggest that these patients most certainly should be investigated.
OBJECTIVE Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) has been shown to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in general adult populations. Because men and women with type 2 diabetes are at particularly high risk for CHD, the aim of this study was to assess the association of Lp-PLA2 with future coronary events among diabetic men and women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured Lp-PLA2 activity among 740 men and 777 women with confirmed diabetes enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and Nurses' Health Study (NHS). Participants were free of all cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. RESULTS During 10 years of follow-up among men and 14 years among women, we documented 178 and 146 cases of CHD, respectively. We defined CHD as coronary artery bypass graft, angioplasty, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and fatal CHD. After adjustment for age, smoking, medical history, and biomarkers including C-reactive protein, HDL, and LDL, the relative risk of total CHD comparing extreme tertiles of Lp-PLA2 was 1.39 (95% CI 1.01–1.90; P trend = 0.03). When we restricted analyses to only nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD, the relative risk was 1.75 (95% CI 1.05–2.92; P for trend = 0.001). LDL, HDL, C-reactive protein, hormone replacement therapy use, and diabetes duration did not modify these relationships. CONCLUSIONS Levels of Lp-PLA2 activity were significantly associated with incident CHD among men and women with type 2 diabetes, independent of traditional and inflammatory risk factors. This positive association was strongest for more severe clinical end points.
