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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPatterned Self-Assembled Monolayers and Meso-Scale PhenomenaAmit Kumar, Nicholas L. Abbott, Hans A. Biebuyck, Enoch Kim, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 5, 219–226Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00053a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00053a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2095Altmetric-Citations349LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Purpose Women who experience gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at exceptionally high-risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) later in life. However, limited information is available about genetic and environmental factors that are implicated in the progression from GDM to T2DM. Participants The Diabetes & Women’s Health (DWH) Study applied a hybrid design, which combined new prospective data collection with existing data in two prospective cohorts, the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) and the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS II). In total, the DWH Study identified 7759 women with a GDM diagnosis from both cohorts; 4457 women participated in the DWH Study data collection, which included two cycles of follow-up from 2012 to 2014 and 2014 to 2016. Findings to date Progression from GDM to T2DM was high. In the NHS II group, by 2013, 23.1% (n=846/3667) developed T2DM. In the DNBC group, at cycle 1 (2012–2014), the progression rate was even higher: 27.2% (n=215/790) had developed T2DM. Furthermore, we have shown that women who had GDM experienced a significantly greater risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, as well as early stages of glomerular hyperfiltration and renal damage. Moreover, the DWH Study findings have shown that healthful diet and lifestyle factors and weight control were related to a lower risk of T2DM, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Future plans Primary data collection for the DWH Study is complete and investigators are currently investigating interactions of the abovementioned modifiable factors with T2DM genetic susceptibility in determining the risk of progression from GDM to T2DM. Findings from ongoing work will provide further insights for identifying more precise prevention strategies for T2DM and comorbidities in this high-risk population. Future work will examine novel biomarkers of health and disease in this cohort.

The authors examined associations between postnatal growth velocity through age 2 years and metabolic outcomes at age 31 years in a population-based birth-cohort study of 3,778 Finns (1966–1998). Approximately 8 height measurements and 9 weight measurements were obtained from birth to age 2 years. Peak height velocity (PHV) and peak weight velocity (PWV) in infancy were derived from parametric growth curves fitted to longitudinal height and weight growth data. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and the metabolic syndrome were measured at age 31 years. PHV was significantly positively associated with systolic and diastolic BP and WC in adulthood. For each 8-cm/year (2-standard-deviation) increase in PHV, WC increased by 1.60 cm (95% confidence interval: 0.73, 2.46), after adjustment for potential confounders, including birth weight. PWV was significantly associated with adulthood systolic BP, WC, and BMI. A 4-kg/year higher PWV was associated with a 1.87-cm (95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.65) larger WC in adulthood, after adjustment for potential confounders. HDL cholesterol (direct), triglycerides (inverse), and metabolic syndrome (inverse) displayed associations with PWV only after BMI was accounted for. These results showed that growth during the immediate postnatal period is associated with adulthood obesity and BP. Lifestyle changes from early life might be important in reducing adulthood obesity and high-BP risk.

Adolescent diet may be etiologically relevant for later risk of colorectal adenoma, a precursor of colorectal cancer. We aimed to examine associations between adolescent dietary patterns (derived using factor analysis) and risk of colorectal adenoma in middle adulthood. We analyzed data from 17,221 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study II, who had completed a validated high school (HS) food frequency questionnaire in 1998 when they were 34-51 years old, and had subsequently undergone at least one lower bowel endoscopy. Between 1998 and 2007, 1,299 women were diagnosed with at least one colorectal adenoma. In multivariable models adjusted for adult dietary patterns, a higher "prudent" pattern during HS, characterized by high consumption of vegetables, fruit and fish was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk of rectal (odds ratio [OR] highest vs. lowest quintile, 0.45, 95% CI 0.27-0.75, p-trend = 0.005), but not colon adenomas. A higher "Western" pattern during HS, characterized by high consumption of desserts and sweets, snack foods and red and processed meat, was significantly associated with rectal (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.12-2.85, p-trend = 0.005) and advanced (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.07-2.33, p-trend = 0.08), but not associated with colon or non-advanced adenomas. This study suggests that overall eating patterns during high school may influence later risk of rectal and advanced adenoma, independent of adult diet. Our results support the hypothesis that diet during early life may influence colorectal carcinogenesis.

The transmission in intergenerational overweight and obesity (OW/OB) from mothers to their offspring has been widely explored in numerous studies. This phenomenon of OW/OB is a greater concern globally in particular among low-income households. However, studies conducted to determine the factors associated with OW/OB among mother-child pairs in low-income families are very scarce especially in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence trend and associated factors of overweight mothers and children in low-income households using the National Health and Morbidity Survey data between the years 2006 to 2015. In each low-income household, mother and child were identified and grouped as mother-child pairs based on their body mass index categories. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the factors associated with overweight mother/overweight child pairs (OWM/OWC) in low-income households. The reference group determined in the analysis was normal weight mother/normal weight child pairs (NWM/NWC). Within a decade, the transmission of OWM/OWC mother-child pairs in the low-income households has increased by 9.0%, while the prevalence of NWM/NWC decreased by 6.9%. In low-income households, older mothers and children aged between 10 to 14 years were significantly associated with OWM/OWC, while a larger household size and being as Chinese were less likely to become OWM/OWC. In conclusion, intergenerational obesity in mother and their offspring is showing an alarming trend among the lowest socio-economic group in Malaysia.

The newly identified iron-related SNP rs855791 in TPMRSS6 was nominally associated with a decreased risk of T2D in men but not in women. The apparent differences by gender warrant further study.

We demonstrate fully tunable single and double quantum dots in a one-dimensional hole system based on undoped Ge/Si core-shell nanowire heterostructures. The local hole density along the nanowire is controlled by applying voltages to five top gate electrodes with a periodicity of 80 nm, insulated from the wire by a 20 nm-thick HfO_2 dielectric film. Low-temperature transport measurements were used to investigate the magnetic field dependence of Coulomb blockade peaks in a single quantum dot and indicate a strongly anisotropic g-factor with |g_para| = 0.60 +/- 0.03 and |g_perp| < 0.12.

This manuscript describes a simple and rapid method for fabricating free‐standing structures composed primarily (>94% w/w, and 55–80 at%) of noble metals (e.g., gold, silver, platinum, etc.) and having physical morphologies that resemble paper, thread, or fabric. In this method, templates (i.e., pieces of paper, or cotton fabric) are loaded with aqueous solutions of salts of noble metals, and then the cellulosic component is burned off in a furnace held at high temperatures (i.e., from 550 °C to 800 °C, depending on the procedure, in air). Even though the environment in a furnace is ostensibly oxidizing (e.g., hot air), the metal ions are reduced to elemental metal and form paper‐templated or fabric‐templated structures that have morphologies similar to that of the material from which they were derived (i.e., paper or fabric). Paper‐templated structures are fibrous, permeable to gases and liquides, electrically conductive, and in some cases (e.g., paper‐templated gold and paper‐templated platinum structures), their surfaces are electroactive. The surface areas of paper‐templated structures are more than 20 times higher than their projected areas. Paper‐templated structures thus have properties that make them potentially useful in catalysis, sensing, and electroanalysis.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe use of self-assembled monolayers and a selective etch to generate patterned gold featuresAmit Kumar, Hans A. Biebuyck, Nicholas L. Abbott, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 23, 9188–9189Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00049a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00049a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views950Altmetric-Citations144LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

While the density is a central property of a polymer film, it can be difficult to measure in films with a thickness of ∼100 nm or less, where the structure of the interfaces and the confinement of the polymer chains may perturb the packing and dynamics of the polymers relative to the bulk. This Article demonstrates the use of magneto-Archimedes levitation (MagLev) to estimate the density of thin films of hydrophobic polymers ranging from ∼10 to 1000 nm in thickness by employing a substrate with a water-soluble sacrificial release layer to delaminate the films. We validate the performance of MagLev for this application in the ∼1 μm thickness range by comparing measurements of the densities of several different films of amorphous hydrophobic polymers with their bulk values of density. We apply the technique to films < 100 nm and observe that, in several polymers, there are substantial changes in the levitation height, corresponding to both increases and decreases in the apparent density of the film. These apparent changes in density are verified with a buoyancy control experiment in the absence of paramagnetic ions and magnetic fields. We measure the dependence of density upon thickness for two model polymeric films: poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). We observe that, as the films are made thinner, PS increases in density while PMMA decreases in density and that both exhibit a sigmoidal dependence of density with thickness. Such changes in density with thickness of PS have been previously observed with reflectometric measurements (e.g., ellipsometry, X-ray reflectivity). The interpretation of these measurements, however, has been the subject of an ongoing debate. MagLev is also compatible with nontransparent, rough, heterogeneous polymeric films, which are extremely difficult to measure by alternative means. This technique could be useful to investigate the properties of thin films for coatings, electronic devices, and membrane-based separations and other uses of polymer films.

The task of identifying genetic determinants for complex, multigenetic diseases is hampered by small studies, publication and reporting biases, and lack of common standards worldwide. The authors propose the creation of a network of networks that include groups of investigators collecting data for human genome epidemiology research. Twenty-three networks of investigators addressing specific diseases or research topics and representing several hundreds of teams have already joined this initiative. For each field, the authors are currently creating a core registry of teams already participating in the respective network. A wider international registry will include all other teams also working in the same field. Independent investigators are invited to join the registries and existing networks and to join forces in creating additional ones as needed. The network of networks aims to register these networks, teams, and investigators; be a resource for information about or connections to the many networks; offer methodological support; promote sound design and standardization of analytical practices; generate inclusive overviews of fields at large; facilitate rapid confirmation of findings; and avoid duplication of effort.