Carotenoids may help to prevent the ageing of the brain. Previous findings regarding β-carotene alone are not consistent. In the present study, we evaluated the cross-time association between a carotenoid-rich dietary pattern (CDP) and subsequent cognitive performance using a sample of 2983 middle-aged adults participating in the SU.VI.MAX (Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants) study. Cognitive performance was assessed in 2007-9 using six neuropsychological tests, and a composite cognitive score was computed. The cognitive data were related to dietary data obtained by repeated 24 h dietary records (1994-6) and to measurements of baseline plasma concentrations of carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene and cis-β-carotene). DP were extracted using the reduced rank regression method for 381 participants and then extrapolated to the whole sample using plasma carotenoid concentrations as response variables. Associations between a CDP and cognitive function measured 13 years later were estimated with ANCOVA providing mean difference values and 95 % CI across the tertiles of CDP. A correlation between CDP and consumption of orange- and green-coloured fruits and vegetables, vegetable oils and soup was observed. CDP was found to be associated with a higher composite cognitive score (mean difference 1·04, 95 % CI 0·20, 1·87, P for trend 0·02), after adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors. Similar findings were obtained for scores obtained in the cued recall task, backward digit span task, trail making test and semantic fluency task (all P for trend < 0·05). Further studies ought to confirm whether a diet providing sufficient quantity and variety of coloured fruits and vegetables may contribute to the preservation of cognitive function during ageing.

This study's objective was to investigate healthy aging in older French adults 5 years after a period of daily nutritional-dose supplementation with antioxidant nutrients. The study was based on the double-blind, randomized trial, Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals (SU.VI.MAX) Study (1994-2002) and the SU.VI.MAX 2 Follow-up Study (2007-2009). During 1994-2002, participants received a daily combination of vitamin C (120 mg), β-carotene (6 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), selenium (100 µg), and zinc (20 mg) or placebo. Healthy aging was assessed in 2007-2009 by using multiple criteria, including the absence of major chronic disease and good physical and cognitive functioning. Data from a subsample of the SU.VI.MAX 2 cohort, initially free of major chronic disease, with a mean age of 65.3 years in 2007-2009 (n = 3,966), were used to calculate relative risks. Supplementation was associated with a greater healthy aging probability among men (relative risk = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.29) but not among women (relative risk = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.11) or all participants (relative risk = 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.99, 1.16). Moreover, exploratory subgroup analyses indicated effect modification by initial serum concentrations of zinc and vitamin C. In conclusion, an adequate supply of antioxidant nutrients (equivalent to quantities provided by a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables) may have a beneficial role for healthy aging.

(i) to assess which sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were associated with alcohol consumption; (ii) to identify profiles of alcohol consumers by beverage type; (iii) to estimate the number of cancer risk factors accumulated on the individual level according to alcohol consumption. Alcohol and dietary intakes were assessed by six 24 hr records among 29,566 adults of the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Factors associated with alcohol consumption (nondrinkers (reference)/< 10 g/day/≥ 10 g/day) were assessed by polytomic multivariate logistic regression stratified by gender. Among alcohol consumers, percentages of alcohol brought by each beverage type were compared across sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics using Kruskal-Wallis rank tests. Several factors were associated with alcohol consumption ≥ 10 g/day in both genders: older age (p(men)=0.02, p(women)<0.0001), smoking (p(men&women) < 0.0001), higher socioprofessional category (p(men&women)<0.0001), higher income (p(men)=0.003, p(women)<0.0001) and less healthy dietary intakes. Profiles of subjects varied across alcoholic beverage types. Men with history of cardiovascular disease (p=0.0002) or depression (p=0.03) and women with history of cirrhosis (p<0.0001) consumed less alcohol. In women, personal history of cancer was associated with a lower proportion of moderate alcohol users only (< 10 g/day, p=0.04). In both genders, higher alcohol drinkers clustered more cancer risk factors (median=5, apart from alcohol) than nondrinkers (median=4), p< .0001. The multiplicity of deleterious lifestyle behaviors combined with alcohol drinking must be taken into account in cancer prevention efforts. Gender-specific medical advice for people with personal or family history of alcohol-related diseases, including cancer, should be strengthened.

Contexte et objectifs : Les habitudes alimentaires se modifient dans de nombreux pays dans le sens d’une augmentation de la consommation d’aliments ultra-transformés, qui se caractérisent souvent par une qualité nutritionnelle plus faible, mais aussi par la présence d’additifs alimentaires, de matériaux de contact et d’emballage, et de composés néoformés. Bien que les données épidémiologiques concernant leur association avec le risque de cancer soient limitées, les études mécanistiques suggèrent de potentiels effets cancérogènes de plusieurs composants habituellement présents dans les aliments ultra-transformés. Cette étude prospective visait, pour la première fois, à évaluer les associations prospectives entre la consommation d’aliments ultra-transformés et le risque de cancer. Méthodes : Au total, 104 980 participants âgés de plus de 18 ans de la cohorte française NutriNet-Santé (2009-2017) ont été inclus. Les données alimentaires ont été recueillies à l’aide d’enregistrements de 24h répétés, conçus pour enregistrer la consommation habituelle des participants pour 3 300 aliments différents. Ceux-ci ont été classés en fonction de leur degré de traitement par la classification NOVA. Des modèles de Cox multivariés ont été réalisés. Résultats : La consommation d’aliments ultra-transformés était associée à un risque plus élevé de cancer au global (n = 2 228 cas, RR pour une augmentation de 10 % de la proportion d’aliments ultra-transformés dans l’alimentation = 1,12 (1,06-1,18), P de tendance &lt;0,0001) et de cancer du sein (n = 739 cas, RR = 1,11 (1,02- 1,22), P de tendance = 0,02). Ces résultats restaient significatifs après ajustement sur plusieurs marqueurs de la qualité nutritionnelle de l’alimentation (apport en lipides, sodium et glucides et/ou pattern alimentaire Western). Conclusions et perspectives : Dans cette grande étude prospective, une augmentation de 10 % de la proportion d’aliments ultra-transformés dans le régime alimentaire était associée à une augmentation significative de 10 % des risques de cancer au global et de cancer du sein. D’autres études sont nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre l’impact relatif des différentes dimensions de la transformation des aliments (composition nutritionnelle, additifs alimentaires, matériaux de contact et contaminants néoformés) dans ces relations.

Exploring genetic pleiotropy can provide clues to a mechanism underlying the observed epidemiological association between type 2 diabetes and heightened fracture risk. We examined genetic variants associated with bone mineral density (BMD) for association with type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits in large well-phenotyped and -genotyped consortia. We undertook follow-up analysis in ∼19,000 individuals and assessed gene expression. We queried single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMD at levels of genome-wide significance, variants in linkage disequilibrium (r(2) > 0.5), and BMD candidate genes. SNP rs6867040, at the ITGA1 locus, was associated with a 0.0166 mmol/L (0.004) increase in fasting glucose per C allele in the combined analysis. Genetic variants in the ITGA1 locus were associated with its expression in the liver but not in adipose tissue. ITGA1 variants appeared among the top loci associated with type 2 diabetes, fasting insulin, β-cell function by homeostasis model assessment, and 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin levels. ITGA1 has demonstrated genetic pleiotropy in prior studies, and its suggested role in liver fibrosis, insulin secretion, and bone healing lends credence to its contribution to both osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes. These findings further underscore the link between skeletal and glucose metabolism and highlight a locus to direct future investigations.

The available data does not support a role for common variants in APOA2 on type 2 diabetes susceptibility or related quantitative traits in Northern Europeans.

For most adults in the low-IPAQ category, an increasing number of active days per week would be sufficient to attain the moderate-IPAQ category. This should be taken into account in public health initiatives aimed at promoting physical activity.

Our results altogether suggest that MCHR2 is not a major contributor to polygenic obesity and support a modest effect of the A76A SNP on food intake abnormalities in childhood.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00272428.

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Sensitivity analysis: association between neighborhood education, distance to work* and share of total commuting time spent active among active commuters (N = 537). (DOCX 13 kb)

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